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Neuroscience > Face, scalp and parotid > Flashcards

Face, scalp and parotid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the margins of the scalp?

A

From external occipital protuberance posteriorly to supraorbital margins anteriorly

Extends to the level of the zygomatic arches laterally

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2
Q

What are the layers of the scalp, from external to internal?

A

Skin

Dense connective tissue

Aponeurotic layer (of occipitofrontalis)

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

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3
Q

Which layer of the scalp allows it to move?

A

Loose connective tissue

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4
Q

Which two muscles form the aponeurotic layer of the scalp?

A

Occipitalis and frontalis

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5
Q

What are the actions of occipitalis and frontalis?

A

Move the scalp and raise the eyebrows

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6
Q

What happens when a laceration to the scalp divides the aponeurosis?

A

Wound will gape, as occipitalis and frontalis will pull in opposite directions

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7
Q

In which layer of the scalp is the neurovascular plane found?

A

Dense connective tissue

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8
Q

Why does a scalp laceration bleed so profusely?

A

1: There is a rich vascular arrangement within the scalp, with many anastamoses between branches of the internal and external carotid arteries
2: The dense connective tissue has fibrous septa, that adhere to vessels and prevent constriction

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9
Q

What are the layers of the face?

A

Skin

Dense connective tissue

Muscles of facial expression

Pericranium

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10
Q

Whta do the facial muscles attach to?

A

Arise from bone or fascia and attach to skin of face

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11
Q

How are the facial muscles organised?

A

Organised to surround the facial orifices; either act as sphincters or dilators

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12
Q

Describe the general properties of sphincter and dilator facial muscles?

A

Sphincters: circular, name ‘ocularis’

Dilators: span out from corners, name ‘depressor’ or ‘levator’

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the facial muscles?

A

CN VII

Facial nerve

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14
Q

What is the embryological origin of the facial muscles?

A

Second pharyngeal arch

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15
Q

Describe the dermatomes of the head and neck?

A
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16
Q

Which nerves supply the dermatomes of the head and neck posterior to the ears?

A

Dorsal rami or cervical spinal nerves (C2 and C3)

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17
Q

Where is the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve found?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensation of the face?

A

CN V

Trigeminal nerve (V1, V2 & V3)

19
Q

Which two major arteries give branches that supply the face?

A

Internal carotid

External carotid

20
Q

List the arterial branches to the face that arise from the internal carotid artery? What do the supply?

A

Supraorbital branches

Supratrochlear branches

Both supply the centre of the forehead

21
Q

Which gives off a greater blood supply to the face: the internal carotid or the external carotid?

A

External carotid

22
Q

List the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the face?

A

Facial artery

Superficial temporal artery

Occipital artery

Posterior auricular artery

23
Q

Which branch of the external carotid artery gives the most extensive blood supply to the face?

A

Facial artery

24
Q

Describe the course of the facial artery?

A

Winds over inferior angle of mandible

Has tortuous course over the face to the medial angle of the eye

Sends branches off to nose, cheeks, etc.

25
Q

Describe the course of the superficial temporal artery?

A

Runs over zygomatic arch

26
Q

What does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

Side of scalp

27
Q

What is the major venous drainage of the face?

A

Facial vein

28
Q

How can the facial vein be distinguished from the facial artery?

A

The facial vein is much less tortuous

29
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the face?

A

Veins accompany the arteries and mirror them

30
Q

In which area of the face may communication between the venous drainage of the face and cavernous sinus occur?

A
31
Q

Describe the lymph drainage of the face and scalp?

A

Lymph drains into a ring of lymph nodes which surround the base of the skull

Submental nodes, submandibular nodes, pre-auricular and parotid nodes, mastoid nodes and occipital nodes

All drain into deep cervical nodes

32
Q

What is the parotid gland?

A

A serous salivary gland

33
Q

Where does the parotid gland sit?

A

Below zygomatic arch

In front of mastoid process and ear

Above angle of mandible

Behind masseter

Overlies styloid process of temporal bone

34
Q

What encloses the parotid gland?

A

Thick parotid fascia

35
Q

How does saliva travel from the parotid gland to the oral cavity?

A

Parotid duct

36
Q

Describe the course of tje parotid duct?

A

Emerges from anterior border of gland onto masseter

Then turns inwards and pierces buccinator to enter the oral cavity near the second molar

37
Q

List the structures that lie within the parotid, superficial to deep?

A
  1. CN VII
  2. Retromandibular vein
  3. External carotid artery

Parotid lymph nodes are scattered throughout

38
Q

Describe the pathway of the facial nerve?

A

Exits skull via stylomastoid foramen > goes through auditory meatus, and has a short course through the temporal bone > gives off posterior auricular arch (to occipitalis) > enters substance of parotid gland > creates plexiform arrangement - pes anserinus > gives off five terminal branches

39
Q

What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

(Tall Zulus Bear Many Children)

40
Q

How is the retromandibular vein formed?

A

By superficial temporal and maxillary veins

41
Q

What happens to the external carotid artery once it enters the parotid gland?

A

Divides into maxillary and superifical temporal arteries

42
Q

Describe the risks associated with surgery in the parotid area?

A

Facial nerve lesion > partial or complete paralysis of facial muscles ipsilaterally, flattening of nasolabial folds, no movement of eyes

43
Q

What is the most common cause of facial nerve palsy?

A

Bell’s palsy (unknown cause, maybe post-viral)

Neuroscience (51 decks)

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