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Head And Neck Anatomy > Intro To The Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro To The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Sensation, integration, action SIA

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Constant monitoring of internal and external environment by receptors that respond to appropriate stimuli

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3
Q

Integration

A

Interpretation and processing of sensory information and decision to act or not

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4
Q

Action

A

Activation or inhibition of effectors

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5
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord derived from neural tube,where integration and cognition occur

PNS-cranial and spinal nerves, transmit electrical impulses (action potentials) Afferent signals-from receptors to CNS (sensory) Efferent signals-from CNS to effectors (motor)

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6
Q

Neuron types

A

Bipolar, pseudo-unipolar,multipolar

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7
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One axon, one dendrite

Special sensory

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8
Q

Pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

Sensory neurons

Single axon (one end in PNS, other in CNS)

PNS-somatic and visceral sensory

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9
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Motor neurons

Single axon, many dendrites

Common in CNS and brain

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10
Q

Nervous system connective tissues

A
  • Endoneurium: covers a single axon (nerve fiber)and its myelin sheath
  • Perineuriumi covers a fascicles composed of several axons
  • Epineurium:covers multiple fascicles, fatty tissue,and vasculature; forms an anatomical nerve

EPE

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11
Q

Nerve cell bodies

A

Typically clustered together

Nucleus: group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglion:group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Nelly can’t get past

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12
Q

Collection of axons (nerve fibers)

A
  • Tract= collection/bundle of axons in the CNS often connecting nuclei (neighboring or distant)
  • Nerves= collection/bundle of axons in the PNS
    • E.g. Maxillary nerve or facial nerve
    • other terms: Ramus, root, trunk, division, cord
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13
Q

GSA

A

General Somatic Afferent

Somatosensory

Touch, temperature, pain,and proprioception from the somatic/conscious body

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14
Q

GVA

A

General Visceral afferent

Viscerosensory

Pain, chemo-, baro-,mechano-,sensation from the visceral/internal organs

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15
Q

SSA

A

Special somatic Afferent

Vision, hearing, balance

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16
Q

SVA

A

Special Visceral Afferent

Taste and smell

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17
Q

GSE

A

General Somatic Efferent

Somatomotor

To skeletal muscle: carried by cranial nerves Ill, IV, VI, XIs (11 spinal segment),XII, and Spinal nerves

3, 4, 6, 11, 12

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18
Q

GVE

A

General Visceral Efferent

Visceromotor

To smooth and cardiac muscles: carried by autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

19
Q

SVE

A

Special Visceral Efferent

Branchiomotor

To skeletal muscles derived from the branchial arches; carried by cranial nerves V,VII,IX,X,XIc (11 cranial portion)

5, 7, 9, 10, 11

20
Q

Sensory neurons with axons in PNS

A

Called first order or primary neurons

Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

21
Q

Sensation types and receptors

A
  • Mechanoreception:fine/discriminative touch (localization), crude touch, pressure,vibration
  • Thermoreception:temperature
  • Nocioception:pain
  • Proprioception:relative position of body parts and joints
  • Photoreception: light
  • Barosensation:pressure and touch
  • Chemoreception:taste and smell, O2/CO2 receptors
22
Q

Complex sensations

A
  • Peripheral nerves are bundles of neurons and often carry multiple modalities and multiple types of sensation
  • Sensory loss can involve multiple pathways (e.g. touch and pain)if the nerve or circulation is compromised
23
Q

Hypoesthesia

A

Numbness

24
Q

Parasthesia

A

Pins and needles

Tingling, pricking, or burning sensation

25
Q

Motor (efferent) division

Motor neurons with axons in PNS

A
  • Lower motor neurons
  • Cell bodies in CNS (ventral horn motor neurons)
  • Somatic (GSE):to skeletal (striated)muscle
  • Visceral(GVE):to smooth and cardiac muscle
    • visceral motor:autonomic nervous system
  • Branchial (SVE): carried only by cranial nerves
26
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Visceral motor (GVE)
    • Sympathetic-fight or flight
    • Parasympathetic-rest and digest
  • Regulates involuntary bodily functions
  • Presynaptic neuron
    • have cell bodies in the CNS
    • from CNS to ganglion or directly to target organ
  • Post synaptic neuron
    • have cell bodies in the ganglion
    • from ganglion to effector organ
27
Q

Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A
28
Q

Different Actions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
29
Q

Meningeal Spaces

A
30
Q

Regions of vertebral column

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

31
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

form a longitudinal canal for the passage of the spinal cord

32
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

formed by 2 adjacent vertebrae, allow nerves to exit/enter the spinal cord

33
Q

Intervertebral discs

(outer/inner)

A

Outer annulus fibrosis

Inner nucleus pulposis

outside, a falcon is preying

34
Q

Meninges

A
  • Protect and support the CNS
  • Connective tissues:
    • dura mater (outer layer)
      • endosteal layer: only found inside skull
      • meningeal layer: surrounds brain and spinal cord
      • continuous with epineurium around spinal cord
    • arachnoid mater
      • loose, web layer allows flow of cerebral spinal fluid
    • pia mater
      • inseperable from surface of spinal cord
35
Q

Spinal cord

Extends from?

Surrounded by?

Ends in?

Anchored by?

A
  • extends from foramen magnum to L1-L2 vertebral level
  • surrounded by meninges (meningeal layer of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater)
  • ends in conus medularis
  • anchored inferiorly by the filium terminale, a fibrous strand of pia mater
  • spinal roots and nerves form lumbar-coccygeal levels of cord continue as the cauda equina (“horse tail” of nerve roots)
36
Q

Numbering Spinal Nerves

A
  • cervical segments: spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramen above the vertebrae of the same number; C8 nerve emerges below C7 and above T1
  • thoracic-coccygeal segments: spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramen below the vertebra of the same number
37
Q

Cross Section of Spinal Cord

A
  • white matter: nerve tracts=myelinated axons
  • gray matter: cell bodies
  • dorsal horn: sensory (GSA/GVA) cell bodies
  • ventral horn: motor (GSE) cell bodies
  • lateral horn
    • autonomic (GVE) cell bodies
    • T1-L2 (sympathetic) spinal levels
    • S2-S4 (parasympathetic) spinal levels
38
Q

Root

A

contains either motor or sensory fibers leaving the spinal cord

39
Q

Spinal nerve

A

contains all neurons- motor and sensory, epaxial and hypaxial

40
Q

Ramus

A

contains neurons going to epaxial or hypaxial regions

41
Q

dorsal horn + root=

ventral horn + root=

A

sensory

motor

42
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

part of the PNS (outside of spinal cord)

found in or near the intervertebral foramen

43
Q

dorsal ramus=

ventral ramus=

A

motor + sensory to epaxial region

motor + sensory to hypaxial region

Head And Neck Anatomy (20 decks)

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