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Head And Neck Anatomy > Functional Anatomy of Phonation > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

Laryngeal “Skeleton” Cartilages

A
  • cartilages (9)
    • 3 unpaired
      • thryoid (hyaline)
      • cricoid (hyaline)
      • epiglottis (elastic)
    • 6 paired
      • arytenoid (elastic)
      • corniculate (elastic)
      • cuneiform (elastic)
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2
Q

Thyroid cartilage (shape, type, location, connected by)

A
  • Shield-shaped
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Lies at vertebral level C4-C6
  • Thryoid (laryngeal) prominence
  • Articulates with cricoid cartilage
  • Connected to hyoid by thryohyoid membrane (lig.)
  • Connect to cricoid by cricothyroid membrane (lig.)
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3
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

ring shaped

hyaline cartilage

articulates with arytenoid and thryoid cartilages

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4
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • funnel-shaped
  • elastic cartilage
  • articulates with cricoid cartilage at base
  • muscular process
  • vocal process: attachment for vocal ligaments
  • apex articulates with corniculate cartilage
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5
Q

Cricothyroid joint

A
  • pivot movements of thyroid cartilage
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6
Q

Cricoarytenoid joint

A

rotational and sliding movements of arytenoid cartilages

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7
Q

Epiglottis: Aryepiglottic fold

A
  • muscles that close the laryngeal aditus (opening)
    • aryepiglottis m.
    • thryoepiglottic m.
    • innervated by RLN (CN X)
  • corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
  • used in the “vocal growl” in jazz and death metal music
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8
Q

Vocal anatomy

A
  • vocal ligament: runs from arytenoid to thyroid cartilages
  • vocal folds: vocal ligaments, vocalis and thyroarytenoid mm.
  • vestibular folds: AKA false vocal folds, contain ventricular ligament
  • glottis: vocal folds and rima glottidis (opening b/w the folds)
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9
Q

Laryngeal muscles: functional groups

A
  1. Abduction of vocal folds
    • rotation: posterior cricoarytenoid m.
  2. Adduction of vocal folds
    • rotation: lateral cricoarytenoid m.
    • sliding: transverse arytenoid m., oblique arytenoid m.
  3. Relaxes vocal folds (low pitch)
    • thyroarytenoid m. and vocalis m.
  4. Tenses vocal folds (high pitch)
    • cricothyroid m. rotates anterior thyroid cartilage inferiorly
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10
Q

Laryngeal muscles: Posterior cricoarytenoid

A
  • Abducts vocal folds
  • RLN, CN X (SVE)

example: forced respiration

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11
Q

Laryngeal muscles: Lateral cricoarytenoid

A
  • adducts vocal folds
  • RLN, CN X (SVE)
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12
Q

Laryngeal muscles: transverse arytenoid

A
  • adducts vocal folds
  • RLN, CN X (SVE)
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13
Q

Laryngeal muscles: oblique arytenoid

A
  • adducts vocal folds
  • RLN, CN X (SVE)
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14
Q

Laryngeal muscles: thryoarytenoid

A
  • relaxes vocal folds
  • RLN, CN X (SVE)
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15
Q

Laryngeal muscles: vocalis

A
  • relaxes vocal folds
  • RLN, CN X (SVE)

example: lowers pitch of voice

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16
Q

Laryngeal muscles: cricothyroid

A
  • tenses vocal folds
  • external branch, SLN, CN X (SVE)

example: increases pitch of voice

17
Q

Control of vocal pitch

A
  • pitch is determined by rate of vibration
  • thickness and length of the vocal folds
    • thicker, longer folds=lower pitch
    • these changes occur during puberty in males
  • tension of the vocal folds
    • increased tension=tighter=higher pitch
      • Rima glottidis (opening b/w folds) is narrow
    • decreased tension=looser=lower pitch
      • Rima glottidis is wide
18
Q

Innervation of the Larynx

A
  • CN X: Vagus n.
    • Superior laryngeal n. (SLN)
      • internal branch: viscerosensory (GVA) to mucosa above the vocal folds
        • pierces thyrohyoid membrane
      • external branch (SVE) to cricothyroid m.
    • Recurrent laryngeal n. (RLN)
      • intrinsic mm. (SVE): lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid mm., transverse and oblique arytenoid mm., thyroarytenoid m., vocalis m.
      • Viscerosensory (GVA) to mucosa below the vocal folds
19
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

A
  • Common causes
    • thyroid biopsy
    • compression at aortic arch or thoracic outlet (e.g. tumor)
    • aortic aneurism
  • Common signs
    • dyphonia (hoarseness) or aphonia (voice loss)
    • dyspnea (trouble breathing) due to paralysis of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

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