Intro To Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Types of connective tissue
bone, ligaments,tendons, blood
Types of cartilage
Elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline
Elastic cartilage
Elastin bundles for flexibility
E.g. External ear,auditory tube, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Contain type 1 cartilage
Tough, dense cartilage
E.g. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Hyaline cartilage
Most common
Precursor to bone in endochondral ossification
articular cartilage-caps the ends of bony articular surfaces
Provides flexibility to skeleton
E.g.- costal cartilage, nose cartilage
Bone functions
Protection for vital organs
Support for the body and vital cavities
Movement mechanics
Storage for salts (calcium)
Bone cells produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones
Dynamic-changes throughout life
Types of bones
Cortical bone, trabecular bone
Long, flat, irregular, short, sesamoid
Cortical bone
Compact bone
Dense outer surface
Trabecular bone
Cancellous or spongy bone
Inner supportive meshwork
Dense neurovascular components
Skeletal joints: fibrous
Fibrous joints have limited mobility
Types:sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Sutures
Fibrous skeletal joint
Interdigitated connections between bones of the skull
Held together by Sharpey’s fibers (type Ill collagen)
Sutures strong sharpey- 3 S’s
Syndesmosis
Fibrous skeletal joint
2 bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
E.g. Radioulnar, tibiofibular joints
Gomphosis
Fibrous skeletal joint
Peg and socket joint connected by ligaments
E.g. Dental alveolar joints
Skeletal joints: cartilaginous
United by hyaline and or fibrocartilage
Types: primary joint (synchondrosis), secondary joint (symphysis)
Primary joint
Cartilaginous skeletal joint
Synchondrosis
2 bones joined together by hyaline cartilage
E.g. First sternochondral joint
Secondary joint
Cartilaginous skeletal joint
Symphysis
2 bones with a thick fibrocartilage pad between them
E.g. Pubic symphysis,intervertebral disc
Skeletal joints-synovial
Highly mobile,joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
Meniscus(pad) formed by fibrocartilage in some joints
E.g. TMJ, atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2), sternochondral joint
Types of synovial joints
Hinge, pivot, saddle (thumb), condylar (finger), plane (clavicle),ball and socket (hip)
TMJ: hinge and plane (combination joint)
Development of the Skeleton
- Endochondral ossification cartilaginous precursor bone
- forms at primary ossification centers
- bones lengthen at secondary ossification centers (epiphyses)
- E.g. Long bones, skull base
- Intramembranous ossification
- connective tissue (mesenchyme) precursor
- bones of the cranial vault and face
Musculoskeletal connective tissues
- Fascia
- superficial fascia=subdermis
- deep fascia surrounds muscles and neurovasculature
- visceral fascia surrounds organs
- Ligaments connect bone to bone
- Tendons connect muscle to bone or other structures (skin, eye)
Muscle functions
Responsible for motion, joint support,moving substances through internal organs,move blood through circulatory system, heat production (shivering)
Muscle types
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal muscle
Striated
Voluntary Moves bones and other structures
Innervated by GSE (alpha and gamma motor neurons) and SVE
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary
Striated/intercalated discs
Heart Innervated by GVE
Smooth muscle
Involuntary
Walls of vessels and hollow organs
Innervated by GVE
Muscle shapes
Convergent, circular,parallel,unipennate, multipennate,fusiform, bipennate
Muscle contraction types
Concentric-contracting and shortening, produces motion
Isometric-contracting, no length change, stabilizes
Eccentric-contracting and lengthening, regulates motion of antagonists
Agonist
Causes motion through concentric contraction
Antagonist
Opposes and regulates movement through eccentric contraction
Synergist
Aids the agonist through concentric contraction
Fixator
Stabilizes a skeletal element through isometric contraction generally around shoulders and hips)
Sides of muscle contraction
Bilateral-both sides of a paired muscle contract (shrug)
Unilateral-one side of pained muscle contracts (tilting head)
Ipsilateral-same side as contracting muscle
Contralateral-opposite side from contracting muscle
