Intro to Cardiovascular System Flashcards
3 Basic Layers of Blood Vessels
Tunica Intima (Endothelium): Inner
Tunica Media (Smooth Muscle): Middle
Tunica Adventitia (Connected Tissue): Outer
Arteries
- High pressure, thick walls
- Conducting arterties are large with elastic walls, close to heart
- Distributing arteries aresmaller with thick tunica media, control distrubution of blood
- Arterioles have narrow lumina with thick tunica media, control systemic blood pressure and capilary filling
Veins
- Low pressure, thin walls: have valves to prevent back flow of blood
- Opthalmic and facial veins do have valves
Capillary Systems
- Interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, ect. with extracelluar fluid
- Thin (single layered) endothelium
- Allows fluids etc. to cross into blood and into tissues
Superior Mediastinum Contains:
Contains the trachea, great vessels, thymus, espopagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, thoracic duct
Great (Superior) T3 VEP
Anterior Mediastinum Contains:
Contains fat and connective tissue
(Front)
Middle Mediastinum Contains:
Contains the pericardial sac and heart, phrenic nerves and roots of the great vessels
Please stop halfway past road
Posterior Mediastinum Contains:
Contains the decending aorta, primary bronchi, esophagus with vagus nerves, azygous venous system, thoracic duct, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
Don’t ask Principal Brian, everyone with vagus nerves and venous systems take down Principal Mary’s lymph nodes
Fibrous Pericardium
- Contiuous with tunica adventitia of great vessels
- Phrenic nerves are inbedded in fibrous pericardium
- Provide GVA innervation as pericardiacophrenic nerves
Serous Pericardium
- parietal and visceral layers
- pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid
Pericardial Sac
Consists of fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium
What forms the epicardium?
Visceral layer of pericardium
Is inseparable from the heart tissue
Cardiac tissue: Epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Cardiac tissue: Myocardium
Striated cardiac muscle
Regualted intrinsically by the conducting/pace maker system
Cardiac tissue: Endocardium
Endothelial lining, covers valves
What are the 3 types of cardiac tissues?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Cardiac Anatomy: Right and left sides’ input/output
- Right side
- input: venae cavae to right atrium
- output:right ventricle to pumlonary trunk (artery)
- Left side
- input: pulmonary veins to left atrium
- output: left ventricle to ascending aorta
How do deoxygenated RBC’s move from superficial face to lungs?
After oxygenation, how does it return to the face?
Facial v. –> internal jugular v –> brachiocephalic v –> superior vena cavae –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary a. –> lungs
Lungs –> Pulmonary v. –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aotra –> common carotid a –> external carotid a –> facial a
Right Atrium
Fossa Ovalis
Sinus Venarum
muscular portion with pectinate muscles (right atrium more muscular than left)
Right Auricle = Muscular pouch
Sinus venarum
Smooth portion of right atrium, entrance of venae cavae
Right auricle
Muscular pouch
Right Ventricle
Trabeculae carnae
3 groups of papillary muscles with chordae tendinae connect to tricuspid (right AV) valve
outflow through pulmonary semilunar valve
Trabeculae Carnae
Ridges of myocardium that project into ventricles
Left Atrium
- smooth portion is continuous with endothelium of pulmonary veins
- muscular left auricle with pectinate muscles
- semilunar depression: other side of fossa ovalis
Left Ventricle
Myocardium is thicker in left ventricle than right ventricle
trabeculae carnae = ridges of myocardium
2 sets of papillary muscles with chordae tendinae connect to the mitral (left AV) valve
output through aortic semilunar valve
Cardiac Valves
- Atrioventricular values
- Right = tricuspid
- Left = Bicuspid = mitral
- Outflow (Semilunar) Valves
- Aortic
- Pulmonary
- Both Valves Tricuspid
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Supplies right ventricle and SA Node
Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
- Left anterior descending (LAD) branch supplies left ventricle
- “widow maker”
- Circumflex (LCX) branch
Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)
From RCA in 70% of cases
Coronary Sinus
Returns venous blood to right atrium
Coronary Occlusion
Partial or complete obstruction of bloodflow to myocardium
angina pectoris
Chest pain due to coronary obstruction and ischemia of myocardium
Myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack
Necrosis of myocardial tissue due to coronary occlusion
Treatments for coronary occlusion
Angioplasty and catheterization (with or without stints)
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Autonomic nervous system’s control of cardiovascular system
sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
- ANS contols BP and blood flow in peripheral tissues
- Sympathetic nerves control dilation and constriction of BV’s in periphery (e.g. Skin and muscles)
- Parasympathetic nerves have input to blood vessels only in GI tract and genitals
Are cardiac muscle cells myogenic?
Yes
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker of heart
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Controls blood ejection from heart
ANS’s regulation of heart function
- Control center of brainstem
- Parasympathetic fibers carried by the vagus n. (CN X) decrease heart rate, reduce cardiac contraction and output
- Sympathetic fibers from spinal lavels T1-T6 increase HR, cardiac contraction force, and output
Dermatomes Associated with Cardiac Pain?
T1 - T6
Sex Differences in MI Symptoms
