Intro to Respiratory System

Question 1

Functions of Respiratory System

Answer 1

• Ventilation
• Waste Elimination
• Filtration of foreign particles from air
• Humidity Control
• Temperature Control
• Upper respiratory system
  
  • olfaction
  • drainage of sinuses
  • production and resonance of speech

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Question 2

Anatomical divisions of respiratory system

Answer 2

1. nasal/oral cavity
2. pharynx
   
   • nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. 1^o bronchus
6. 2^o bronchus
7. 3^o bronchus
8. Bronchiole
9. Terminal bronchiole
10. Respiratory bornchiol
11. Alveolar duct
12. Alverolar sac
13. Alveoli

Question 3

Trachea

Answer 3

• supported by tracheal rings
  
  • c-shaped hyaline cartilages–>keep airway open, calcify with age
  • open posterior apect
    
    • covered by trachealis mm. (GVE)
    • acommodates esophagus
• Carina
  
  • where trachea splits into 1^o bronchi
  • approximate level of sternal angle

Question 4

1^o bronchi (right and left)

Answer 4

• external to lungs
• right 1^o bronchi
  
  • larger diameter
  • shorter length
  • more vertical
• left 1^o bronchi
  
  • smaller diameter
  • longer length
  • more horizontal
  • crosses under aorta

Question 5

Anatomy of Left and Right Lungs

Answer 5

• left lung
  
  • superior lobe
  • inferior lobe
• right lung
  
  • superior lobe
  • middle lobe
  • inferior lobe

Question 6

Hilium of lung

Answer 6

• primary bronchi
• pulmonary artery (low O₂)
• pulmonary vein (high O₂)
• bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes

Question 7

Layers of Pulmonary Pleura

Question 8

Pleural Cavity Between Pleural Layers of Lungs

Answer 8

• 2-layered serous membrane
  
  • parietal layer (outer): adjacent to chest wall
  • visceral layer (inner): adjacent to lung surface
• pleural cavity between layers
  
  • potential space
  • contains a think film of serous fluid
  • reduces friction
• no connection between left and right pleural sacs

Question 9

Pleurisy/Pleuritis

Answer 9

Inflammation of pleura

Question 10

Pleural Plaques

Answer 10

• Fibrous calcified thickenings of pleura that attach to ribs
• result of asbestos exposure

Question 11

Mesothelioma

Answer 11

• cancer of serous tissues that line body cavities (e.g. pleura)

Question 12

Systemic Circulation

Answer 12

• supplies the body
• high O₂ blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta
• low O₂ blood returns to right atrium through through the venae cavae

Question 13

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 13

• Supplies lungs
• low O₂ blood leaves right ventricle through pulmonary trunk and arteries
• high O₂ blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary veins

Question 14

Pulmonary Circulation-Arteries and Veins

Answer 14

• pulmoary arteries carry low O₂ blood from right side of heart to the lungs
• Pulmonary veins carry high O₂ blood from lungs back to left side of heart

Question 15

Capillary plexus

Answer 15

covers each alveolar sac

plexus facilitates gas exchange

Question 16

Musculoskeletal Control of Respiration-Quiet Breathing

Answer 16

• at rest
• passive process
• diaphragm drives inspiration
• elastic recoil of alveoli is responsible for expiration

Question 17

Musculoskeletal Control of Respiration-Active Breathing

Answer 17

• during activity such as exercise
• neck and limb muscles recruited to change thoracic volume

Question 18

Innervation of Respiratory Muscles

Answer 18

GSE

Question 19

Primary Muscles of Respiration (Quiet Breathing)

Answer 19

• diaphragm m.
  
  • phrenic nerve (C3-5)
• intercostal mm.
  
  • intercostal nn. (T1-T11)

Question 20

Diaphragm Muscle

Answer 20

• 2 muscular legs (left and right crura) that insert at L1-L2 vertebrae
• central tendon

Question 21

Openings in Diaphragm

Answer 21

• Caval opening (inferior venae cavae)
  
  • T8 vertebral level, passes through central tendon
• Esophageal hiatus (esophagus and vagus n.)
  
  • T10 vertebral level, passes under right crus
• Aortic hiatus (descending aorta)
  
  • T12 vertebral level, passes between crura

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Question 22

External Intercostal mm.

Answer 22

• assist diaphragm during quiet and forced inspiration
• inferior-medial fiber orientation (“hands in pocket”)

EI

Question 23

Internal Intercostal mm.

Answer 23

• assist with quiet and forced expiration
• main driver of quiet expiration is elastic recoil of alveoli
• superior-medial fiber orientation
  
  • “hands over heart”

Question 24

Secondary Muscles of Respiration

Answer 24

• sternochleidomastoid m.
  
  • spinal sensory nerve (CN XI)
• scalene mm.
• serratus mm.
• abdominal and epaxial mm.

Question 25

COPD

Answer 25

• Symptoms: SOB, cough, sputum production
• Irreversible obstruction of airflow
• Underlying cause-emphysema
• Barrel chest due to increased intrathoracic pressure
• Use of 2^o respiratory muscles at rest