Intro to drugs Flashcards
Rotation 1 - week 1
define pharmacokinetics.
this is what the body does to the drug.
1.absorption
2.distribution
3.metabolism/biotransformation
4.excretion
if a drug is absorbed enterally, where is it absorbed?
GI tract/ stomach
(orally or through NG/ GI tube)
if a drug is absorbed parenterally, where is it absorbed?
outside the GI tract
ie. IV, SQ, IM, topical/ transdermal
what is the “systemic spread of a medication, throughout the body tissues, via the circulatory system?”
distribution
What is “the process that alters the chemical structure of a substance (mainly in the liver) to then get excreted from the body more easily?”
metabolism aka biotransformation
what is the first pass effect?
this is when enteral drugs pass through the liver before entering the blood stream
true or false? parenteral drugs skip the first pass effect.
true
what is the hepatic enzyme system?
this is a group of enzymes in the liver that metabolizes drugs
what is the removal of a drug from the body?
excretion
what are some other ways a drug is excreted from the body, besides through the kidneys?
-skin
-saliva
-lungs
-bile
feces
what is pharmacodynamics?
this is how the drug interacts with the body; the biochemical changes in the body from taking the medication
drugs that are in the same CLASS, share the same:
-therapeutic effect
-act in a similar way
-adverse reactions
-contraindications/ cautions
-administration considerations
how quickly is medication absorbed when administered IV?
immediately and completely w/ immediate onset
When medication is administered sub Q, it is absorbed rapidly, only when:
that medication is water soluble and the patient has good circulation
Why would medications be absorbed slowly when given sub Q?
-the medication is poorly/ not water soluble
-the patient has poor/ impaired circulation
what are some ways medication is given topically/ trans dermally?
-skin
-eyes
-ears
-nose
-rectum
-genitals
-lungs
true or false?
topical/ transdermal medication is delivered at a constant rate, has a slow onset, a longer duration of action than meds. administered oral or parenteral.
true
true or false?
MOST medications are metabolized in the liver and excreted through the kidneys (urine)
true
what are 2 other places a medication could be metabolized?
-kidney’s
-tissues
what are 2 other ways a medication could be excreted?
-bile
-feces
therapeutic effects are the ______ effects, whereas adverse effects/ reactions are _____ effects.
intended; unintended
What do agonists do?
they bind with receptor sites on a cell + activate them to produce a response
what does it mean when a medication has a receptor agonist effect?
when the medication attaches to the receptor site, it is taking the place of the chemical or hormone that is missing, and performing the same act + increasing the effect as that chemical or hormone would
what do antagonists do?
-they bind to receptor sites and block, interfere with or reverse the effects of agonists (the intended reaction)
-they are binding, but not stimulating
what is a competitive antagonist?
this is when an antagonist is competing with an agonist for cell receptor sites
-binds/ unbinds
-weak bond
-dampened effect
describe a non competitive antagonist.
this drug has a strong bond which = a strong effect
what are adverse effects?
unintended + unexpected; they range from mildly annoying to life threatening
what are paradoxical effects?
this is when the opposite of the intended/ desired effect occurs
ie. a medication used for sedation causes excitability
describe an antagonistic effect with a drug-drug interaction.
this is when one medication reduces the effect of another
describe a synergistic effect with a drug-drug interaction.
this is when medications interact and cause an exaggerated or increased effect
what is happening during pre clinical trials of a drug?
this is when the studies are done on animals
What is phase 1 of drug evaluation?
this is when the drug is tested on human volunteers
what is phase 2 of drug evaluation?
this is when the drug is tested on patients with the disease
what is phase 3 of drug evaluation?
the drug is tested on a larger group of people
if phase 3 goes as planned, the drug can possibly become FDA approved, how does that happen?
the studies are evaluated and the drug will be marketed if approved
what is the 4th and final phase of drug evaluation?
this is after the drug is FDA approved, and it is the continuous evaluation of the drug
how is a drugs safeness during pregnancy categorized?
from safest to unsafe.
safe(A,B,C,D,X)unsafe
how is a drugs abuse potential categorized?
from high abuse potential to limited/ low abuse potential
high(I, II, III, IV, V) low
A generic drug must be comparable with a name brand drug, this means it must have the same:
-strength
-dosage
-administration route
-safe, inactive ingredients
-safe packaging
what are orphan drugs?
-not adopted by drug companies
-often for rare diseases (so not financially viable)
-potential dangerous side effects
describe OTC drugs.
-no prescription needed, FDA says they’re safe to take with no supervision
what are some issues related to OTC drugs?
-they can mask symptoms + underlying disease
-interactions w/ prescriptions
-adverse reactions to inactive ingredient(s)
-not using as directed/ OD
what are the 3 actions of a drug?
-replace/ substitute a missing chemical
-increase/ stimulate cellular activities
-decrease/ slow cellular activities
what is the half life of a drug?
this is the time it takes for the amount of a drug to decrease by half of its peak level; - this is showing how quickly the med. is metabolized + excreted
if a drug has a shorter half life, will that patient need more or less frequent dosing?
more frequent dosing
if a drug has a longer half life, will that patient need more or less frequent dosing?
less frequent dosing
define critical concentration.
the amount of a drug needed for the therapeutic effect to occur
what does it mean to have a loading dose?
this is when you have a higher first dose
define dynamic equilibrium in relation to medications.
this is the concentration of a drug in the body; when the drug administration rate equals the drug elimination rate; crucial to ensuring toxicity doesn’t occur
how can grapefruit juice effect/ interact negatively a medication?
interacts with a lot of medications by blocking the enzymes in the intestines that are used to breakdown and absorb that medication
what is a primary toxic effect of a drug?
overdose
what are secondary toxic effects of drugs?
undesired effects along with the pharmacological effect
What is a hypersensitivity/ immune response to a drug called?
an allergy
