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Pharmacology - ADRN.114 > Intro to drugs > Flashcards

Intro to drugs Flashcards

Rotation 1 - week 1

1
Q

define pharmacokinetics.

A

this is what the body does to the drug.
1.absorption
2.distribution
3.metabolism/biotransformation
4.excretion

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2
Q

if a drug is absorbed enterally, where is it absorbed?

A

GI tract/ stomach
(orally or through NG/ GI tube)

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3
Q

if a drug is absorbed parenterally, where is it absorbed?

A

outside the GI tract
ie. IV, SQ, IM, topical/ transdermal

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4
Q

what is the “systemic spread of a medication, throughout the body tissues, via the circulatory system?”

A

distribution

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5
Q

What is “the process that alters the chemical structure of a substance (mainly in the liver) to then get excreted from the body more easily?”

A

metabolism aka biotransformation

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6
Q

what is the first pass effect?

A

this is when enteral drugs pass through the liver before entering the blood stream

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7
Q

true or false? parenteral drugs skip the first pass effect.

A

true

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8
Q

what is the hepatic enzyme system?

A

this is a group of enzymes in the liver that metabolizes drugs

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9
Q

what is the removal of a drug from the body?

A

excretion

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10
Q

what are some other ways a drug is excreted from the body, besides through the kidneys?

A

-skin
-saliva
-lungs
-bile
feces

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11
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

this is how the drug interacts with the body; the biochemical changes in the body from taking the medication

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12
Q

drugs that are in the same CLASS, share the same:

A

-therapeutic effect
-act in a similar way
-adverse reactions
-contraindications/ cautions
-administration considerations

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13
Q

how quickly is medication absorbed when administered IV?

A

immediately and completely w/ immediate onset

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14
Q

When medication is administered sub Q, it is absorbed rapidly, only when:

A

that medication is water soluble and the patient has good circulation

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15
Q

Why would medications be absorbed slowly when given sub Q?

A

-the medication is poorly/ not water soluble
-the patient has poor/ impaired circulation

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16
Q

what are some ways medication is given topically/ trans dermally?

A

-skin
-eyes
-ears
-nose
-rectum
-genitals
-lungs

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17
Q

true or false?
topical/ transdermal medication is delivered at a constant rate, has a slow onset, a longer duration of action than meds. administered oral or parenteral.

A

true

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18
Q

true or false?
MOST medications are metabolized in the liver and excreted through the kidneys (urine)

A

true

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19
Q

what are 2 other places a medication could be metabolized?

A

-kidney’s
-tissues

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20
Q

what are 2 other ways a medication could be excreted?

A

-bile
-feces

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21
Q

therapeutic effects are the ______ effects, whereas adverse effects/ reactions are _____ effects.

A

intended; unintended

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22
Q

What do agonists do?

A

they bind with receptor sites on a cell + activate them to produce a response

23
Q

what does it mean when a medication has a receptor agonist effect?

A

when the medication attaches to the receptor site, it is taking the place of the chemical or hormone that is missing, and performing the same act + increasing the effect as that chemical or hormone would

24
Q

what do antagonists do?

A

-they bind to receptor sites and block, interfere with or reverse the effects of agonists (the intended reaction)
-they are binding, but not stimulating

25
Q

what is a competitive antagonist?

A

this is when an antagonist is competing with an agonist for cell receptor sites
-binds/ unbinds
-weak bond
-dampened effect

26
Q

describe a non competitive antagonist.

A

this drug has a strong bond which = a strong effect

27
Q

what are adverse effects?

A

unintended + unexpected; they range from mildly annoying to life threatening

28
Q

what are paradoxical effects?

A

this is when the opposite of the intended/ desired effect occurs
ie. a medication used for sedation causes excitability

29
Q

describe an antagonistic effect with a drug-drug interaction.

A

this is when one medication reduces the effect of another

30
Q

describe a synergistic effect with a drug-drug interaction.

A

this is when medications interact and cause an exaggerated or increased effect

31
Q

what is happening during pre clinical trials of a drug?

A

this is when the studies are done on animals

32
Q

What is phase 1 of drug evaluation?

A

this is when the drug is tested on human volunteers

33
Q

what is phase 2 of drug evaluation?

A

this is when the drug is tested on patients with the disease

34
Q

what is phase 3 of drug evaluation?

A

the drug is tested on a larger group of people

35
Q

if phase 3 goes as planned, the drug can possibly become FDA approved, how does that happen?

A

the studies are evaluated and the drug will be marketed if approved

36
Q

what is the 4th and final phase of drug evaluation?

A

this is after the drug is FDA approved, and it is the continuous evaluation of the drug

37
Q

how is a drugs safeness during pregnancy categorized?

A

from safest to unsafe.
safe(A,B,C,D,X)unsafe

38
Q

how is a drugs abuse potential categorized?

A

from high abuse potential to limited/ low abuse potential

high(I, II, III, IV, V) low

39
Q

A generic drug must be comparable with a name brand drug, this means it must have the same:

A

-strength
-dosage
-administration route
-safe, inactive ingredients
-safe packaging

40
Q

what are orphan drugs?

A

-not adopted by drug companies
-often for rare diseases (so not financially viable)
-potential dangerous side effects

41
Q

describe OTC drugs.

A

-no prescription needed, FDA says they’re safe to take with no supervision

42
Q

what are some issues related to OTC drugs?

A

-they can mask symptoms + underlying disease
-interactions w/ prescriptions
-adverse reactions to inactive ingredient(s)
-not using as directed/ OD

43
Q

what are the 3 actions of a drug?

A

-replace/ substitute a missing chemical
-increase/ stimulate cellular activities
-decrease/ slow cellular activities

44
Q

what is the half life of a drug?

A

this is the time it takes for the amount of a drug to decrease by half of its peak level; - this is showing how quickly the med. is metabolized + excreted

45
Q

if a drug has a shorter half life, will that patient need more or less frequent dosing?

A

more frequent dosing

46
Q

if a drug has a longer half life, will that patient need more or less frequent dosing?

A

less frequent dosing

47
Q

define critical concentration.

A

the amount of a drug needed for the therapeutic effect to occur

48
Q

what does it mean to have a loading dose?

A

this is when you have a higher first dose

49
Q

define dynamic equilibrium in relation to medications.

A

this is the concentration of a drug in the body; when the drug administration rate equals the drug elimination rate; crucial to ensuring toxicity doesn’t occur

50
Q

how can grapefruit juice effect/ interact negatively a medication?

A

interacts with a lot of medications by blocking the enzymes in the intestines that are used to breakdown and absorb that medication

51
Q

what is a primary toxic effect of a drug?

A

overdose

52
Q

what are secondary toxic effects of drugs?

A

undesired effects along with the pharmacological effect

53
Q

What is a hypersensitivity/ immune response to a drug called?

A

an allergy

Pharmacology - ADRN.114 (13 decks)

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