Intro to drugs

Question 1

define pharmacokinetics.

Answer 1

this is what the body does to the drug.
1.absorption
2.distribution
3.metabolism/biotransformation
4.excretion

Question 2

if a drug is absorbed enterally, where is it absorbed?

Answer 2

GI tract/ stomach
(orally or through NG/ GI tube)

Question 3

if a drug is absorbed parenterally, where is it absorbed?

Answer 3

outside the GI tract
ie. IV, SQ, IM, topical/ transdermal

Question 4

what is the “systemic spread of a medication, throughout the body tissues, via the circulatory system?”

Answer 4

distribution

Question 5

What is “the process that alters the chemical structure of a substance (mainly in the liver) to then get excreted from the body more easily?”

Answer 5

metabolism aka biotransformation

Question 6

what is the first pass effect?

Answer 6

this is when enteral drugs pass through the liver before entering the blood stream

Question 7

true or false? parenteral drugs skip the first pass effect.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what is the hepatic enzyme system?

Answer 8

this is a group of enzymes in the liver that metabolizes drugs

Question 9

what is the removal of a drug from the body?

Answer 9

excretion

Question 10

what are some other ways a drug is excreted from the body, besides through the kidneys?

Answer 10

-skin
-saliva
-lungs
-bile
feces

Question 11

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 11

this is how the drug interacts with the body; the biochemical changes in the body from taking the medication

Question 12

drugs that are in the same CLASS, share the same:

Answer 12

-therapeutic effect
-act in a similar way
-adverse reactions
-contraindications/ cautions
-administration considerations

Question 13

how quickly is medication absorbed when administered IV?

Answer 13

immediately and completely w/ immediate onset

Question 14

When medication is administered sub Q, it is absorbed rapidly, only when:

Answer 14

that medication is water soluble and the patient has good circulation

Question 15

Why would medications be absorbed slowly when given sub Q?

Answer 15

-the medication is poorly/ not water soluble
-the patient has poor/ impaired circulation

Question 16

what are some ways medication is given topically/ trans dermally?

Answer 16

-skin
-eyes
-ears
-nose
-rectum
-genitals
-lungs

Question 17

true or false?
topical/ transdermal medication is delivered at a constant rate, has a slow onset, a longer duration of action than meds. administered oral or parenteral.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

true or false?
MOST medications are metabolized in the liver and excreted through the kidneys (urine)

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what are 2 other places a medication could be metabolized?

Answer 19

-kidney’s
-tissues

Question 20

what are 2 other ways a medication could be excreted?

Answer 20

-bile
-feces

Question 21

therapeutic effects are the ______ effects, whereas adverse effects/ reactions are _____ effects.

Answer 21

intended; unintended

Question 22

What do agonists do?

Answer 22

they bind with receptor sites on a cell + activate them to produce a response

Question 23

what does it mean when a medication has a receptor agonist effect?

Answer 23

when the medication attaches to the receptor site, it is taking the place of the chemical or hormone that is missing, and performing the same act + increasing the effect as that chemical or hormone would

Question 24

what do antagonists do?

Answer 24

-they bind to receptor sites and block, interfere with or reverse the effects of agonists (the intended reaction)
-they are binding, but not stimulating

Question 25

what is a competitive antagonist?

Answer 25

this is when an antagonist is competing with an agonist for cell receptor sites -binds/ unbinds -weak bond -dampened effect

Question 26

describe a non competitive antagonist.

Answer 26

this drug has a strong bond which = a strong effect

Question 27

what are adverse effects?

Answer 27

unintended + unexpected; they range from mildly annoying to life threatening

Question 28

what are paradoxical effects?

Answer 28

this is when the opposite of the intended/ desired effect occurs ie. a medication used for sedation causes excitability

Question 29

describe an antagonistic effect with a drug-drug interaction.

Answer 29

this is when one medication reduces the effect of another

Question 30

describe a synergistic effect with a drug-drug interaction.

Answer 30

this is when medications interact and cause an exaggerated or increased effect

Question 31

what is happening during pre clinical trials of a drug?

Answer 31

this is when the studies are done on animals

Question 32

What is phase 1 of drug evaluation?

Answer 32

this is when the drug is tested on human volunteers

Question 33

what is phase 2 of drug evaluation?

Answer 33

this is when the drug is tested on patients with the disease

Question 34

what is phase 3 of drug evaluation?

Answer 34

the drug is tested on a larger group of people

Question 35

if phase 3 goes as planned, the drug can possibly become FDA approved, how does that happen?

Answer 35

the studies are evaluated and the drug will be marketed if approved

Question 36

what is the 4th and final phase of drug evaluation?

Answer 36

this is after the drug is FDA approved, and it is the continuous evaluation of the drug

Question 37

how is a drugs safeness during pregnancy categorized?

Answer 37

from safest to unsafe. safe(A,B,C,D,X)unsafe

Question 38

how is a drugs abuse potential categorized?

Answer 38

from high abuse potential to limited/ low abuse potential high(I, II, III, IV, V) low

Question 39

A generic drug must be comparable with a name brand drug, this means it must have the same:

Answer 39

-strength -dosage -administration route -safe, inactive ingredients -safe packaging

Question 40

what are orphan drugs?

Answer 40

-not adopted by drug companies -often for rare diseases (so not financially viable) -potential dangerous side effects

Question 41

describe OTC drugs.

Answer 41

-no prescription needed, FDA says they're safe to take with no supervision

Question 42

what are some issues related to OTC drugs?

Answer 42

-they can mask symptoms + underlying disease -interactions w/ prescriptions -adverse reactions to inactive ingredient(s) -not using as directed/ OD

Question 43

what are the 3 actions of a drug?

Answer 43

-replace/ substitute a missing chemical -increase/ stimulate cellular activities -decrease/ slow cellular activities

Question 44

what is the half life of a drug?

Answer 44

this is the time it takes for the amount of a drug to decrease by half of its peak level; - this is showing how quickly the med. is metabolized + excreted

Question 45

if a drug has a shorter half life, will that patient need more or less frequent dosing?

Answer 45

more frequent dosing

Question 46

if a drug has a longer half life, will that patient need more or less frequent dosing?

Answer 46

less frequent dosing

Question 47

define critical concentration.

Answer 47

the amount of a drug needed for the therapeutic effect to occur

Question 48

what does it mean to have a loading dose?

Answer 48

this is when you have a higher first dose

Question 49

define dynamic equilibrium in relation to medications.

Answer 49

this is the concentration of a drug in the body; when the drug administration rate equals the drug elimination rate; crucial to ensuring toxicity doesn't occur

Question 50

how can grapefruit juice effect/ interact negatively a medication?

Answer 50

interacts with a lot of medications by blocking the enzymes in the intestines that are used to breakdown and absorb that medication

Question 51

what is a primary toxic effect of a drug?

Answer 51

overdose

Question 52

what are secondary toxic effects of drugs?

Answer 52

undesired effects along with the pharmacological effect

Question 53

What is a hypersensitivity/ immune response to a drug called?

Answer 53

an allergy