INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Question 1

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Answer 1

-surface epithelium type depends on site
-stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus)
-simple columnar(digestive track) underlying losses connective tissue(lamina propria)
-lines all body cavities that open to exterior body surface

Question 2

SEROUS MEMBRANE

Answer 2

-surface is layer of simple squamous epithelium
-underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar tissue
-lines open body cavities that are close to the exterior of the body
-serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid
-visceral layer covers the outside of organ
-paritetal layer lines a portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity

Question 3

SPECIFIC SEROUS MEMBRANE

Answer 3

-perituneun(abdominal cavity)
- pleura(around lungs)
-pericardium(around heart)

Question 4

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

Answer 4

-connective tissue
-lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
-secretes lubricating fluid

Question 5

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Answer 5

-skin(cutineous membrane)
skin derivatives
-sweat glands
-hair
-oil glands
-nails

Question 6

protects deeper tissue from MECHANICAL DAMAGE

Answer 6

physical barrier contains keratin which toughens cells; fat cells(adipose) cush on blows; & pressure receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage

Question 7

CHEMICAL DAMAGE

Answer 7

has relatively impermeable keratinized cells; contains pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage

Question 8

BACTERIAL DAMAGE

Answer 8

has an unbroken surface & “acid mantle”(skin secretions are acidic & thus inhibit bacteria. phagogte ingest foreign substances & pathogen, preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissue

Question 9

Heat loss or heal retention(controlled by nervous system)

Answer 9

heat loss: by activating sweat glands by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so heat can radiate from the skin surface
heat retention: by not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds

Question 10

SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D

Answer 10

modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D by sunlight

Question 11

EPIDERMIS LAYERS
(superficial to deep)

Answer 11

-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum(thick, hairless skin only)
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale
DERMIS

Question 12

HYPODERMIS/SUBCUTENOUS LAYER

Answer 12

-deep to dermis
-not part of skin
-anchors skin to underlying organs
-composed mostly of adipose tissue

Question 13

STRATUM BASALE

Answer 13

-deepest layer of epidermis
-lies next to dermis
-cells undergoing mitosis(multiplying)
-daughter cells are pushed upwards to become superficial cells to become the more superficial layers
STRATUM SPINOSUM
STRATUM GRANULOSUM

Question 14

STRATUM LUCIDUM

Answer 14

-formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
-ocurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of the hand & soles of feet

Question 15

STRATUM CORNEUM

Answer 15

-outermost layer of epidermis
-shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin(protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

Question 16

DERMIS- TWO LAYERS

Answer 16

Papillary layer
-upper dermal region
-projections called dermal papillae
-some contain capillary loops
-other house pain receptors & touch receptors
Reticular Layer
-deepest layer of skin
-blood vessels
-sweat & oil glands
-deep pressure receptors

Question 17

DERMIS- OVERALL STRUCTURE

Answer 17

-collagen & elastic fibers located throughout the dermis
-collagen fibers give skin its toughness
-elastic fibers give skin elasticity
Blood vessels play a role in body temp regulation

Question 18

NORMAL SKIN COLOR DETERMINANTS

Answer 18

Melanin
-yellow, brown, or black pigment
Carotene
-orange-yellow pigment from some veggies
Hemoglobin
-red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Question 19

What are cutaneous glands?

Answer 19

-exocrine glands
-sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-hair
-hair follicles
-nails

Question 20

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

Answer 20

-produces oil
-lubricant for the skin(makes sure bacteria doesn’t enter)
-prevents brittle hair
-kills bacteria
most ducts that empty into hair follicles; either open directly onto skin surfaces. glands are activated during puberty

Question 21

SWEAT GLANDS

Answer 21

2 Types
Eccrine- open via duct to pore on skin surface
Apocrine- ducts empty into hair follicles

Question 22

APPOCRINE SWEAT

Answer 22

-fatty acids & proteins

Question 23

HAIR ANATOMY

Answer 23

-central medulla
-cortex surrounds medulla
-cuticle on outside of cortex
-most heavily keratinized

Question 24

HAIR FOLLICLE

Answer 24

-dermal & epidermal sheath surround hair root
Arrector Pili Muscle
-smooth muscle
-pulls hairs upright when cold or frigid
SEBACEOUS GLAND
SWEAT GLAND

Question 25

BURNS

Answer 25

-tissue damage & cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Associated Dangers
-dehydration
-electrolyte imbalance
-bacterial infection
-circulatory shock
the lack of red blood cells/water causes less pumping in the heart

Question 26

CRITICAL BURNS

Answer 26

burns are considered critical if
-over 25% of body has 2and degree burns
-over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
- 3rd degree burns on face, hands, feet

Question 27

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Answer 27

-least malignant
-most common
-arises from stratum basale

Question 28

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Answer 28

-metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
-early removal allows a good chance of cure
-arises from stratum spinosum

Question 29

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Answer 29

-mostly deadly skin cancer
-cancer of melanocytes
-metastasizes rapidly to lymph & blood vessels
-detection uses ABCD rule

Question 30

ABCD RULE

Answer 30

Asymmetry
-2 side of pigment mole don’t match
Border
-border of mole aren’t smooth
Color
-different colons colors in pigmented area
Diameter
-spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter