INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
-surface epithelium type depends on site
-stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus)
-simple columnar(digestive track) underlying losses connective tissue(lamina propria)
-lines all body cavities that open to exterior body surface
SEROUS MEMBRANE
-surface is layer of simple squamous epithelium
-underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar tissue
-lines open body cavities that are close to the exterior of the body
-serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid
-visceral layer covers the outside of organ
-paritetal layer lines a portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity
SPECIFIC SEROUS MEMBRANE
-perituneun(abdominal cavity)
- pleura(around lungs)
-pericardium(around heart)
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
-connective tissue
-lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
-secretes lubricating fluid
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
-skin(cutineous membrane)
skin derivatives
-sweat glands
-hair
-oil glands
-nails
protects deeper tissue from MECHANICAL DAMAGE
physical barrier contains keratin which toughens cells; fat cells(adipose) cush on blows; & pressure receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage
CHEMICAL DAMAGE
has relatively impermeable keratinized cells; contains pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage
BACTERIAL DAMAGE
has an unbroken surface & “acid mantle”(skin secretions are acidic & thus inhibit bacteria. phagogte ingest foreign substances & pathogen, preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissue
Heat loss or heal retention(controlled by nervous system)
heat loss: by activating sweat glands by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so heat can radiate from the skin surface
heat retention: by not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds
SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D
modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D by sunlight
EPIDERMIS LAYERS
(superficial to deep)
-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum(thick, hairless skin only)
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale
DERMIS
HYPODERMIS/SUBCUTENOUS LAYER
-deep to dermis
-not part of skin
-anchors skin to underlying organs
-composed mostly of adipose tissue
STRATUM BASALE
-deepest layer of epidermis
-lies next to dermis
-cells undergoing mitosis(multiplying)
-daughter cells are pushed upwards to become superficial cells to become the more superficial layers
STRATUM SPINOSUM
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
STRATUM LUCIDUM
-formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
-ocurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of the hand & soles of feet
STRATUM CORNEUM
-outermost layer of epidermis
-shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin(protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
DERMIS- TWO LAYERS
Papillary layer
-upper dermal region
-projections called dermal papillae
-some contain capillary loops
-other house pain receptors & touch receptors
Reticular Layer
-deepest layer of skin
-blood vessels
-sweat & oil glands
-deep pressure receptors
DERMIS- OVERALL STRUCTURE
-collagen & elastic fibers located throughout the dermis
-collagen fibers give skin its toughness
-elastic fibers give skin elasticity
Blood vessels play a role in body temp regulation
NORMAL SKIN COLOR DETERMINANTS
Melanin
-yellow, brown, or black pigment
Carotene
-orange-yellow pigment from some veggies
Hemoglobin
-red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
What are cutaneous glands?
-exocrine glands
-sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-hair
-hair follicles
-nails
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
-produces oil
-lubricant for the skin(makes sure bacteria doesn’t enter)
-prevents brittle hair
-kills bacteria
most ducts that empty into hair follicles; either open directly onto skin surfaces. glands are activated during puberty
SWEAT GLANDS
2 Types
Eccrine- open via duct to pore on skin surface
Apocrine- ducts empty into hair follicles
APPOCRINE SWEAT
-fatty acids & proteins
HAIR ANATOMY
-central medulla
-cortex surrounds medulla
-cuticle on outside of cortex
-most heavily keratinized
HAIR FOLLICLE
-dermal & epidermal sheath surround hair root
Arrector Pili Muscle
-smooth muscle
-pulls hairs upright when cold or frigid
SEBACEOUS GLAND
SWEAT GLAND
BURNS
-tissue damage & cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Associated Dangers
-dehydration
-electrolyte imbalance
-bacterial infection
-circulatory shock
the lack of red blood cells/water causes less pumping in the heart
CRITICAL BURNS
burns are considered critical if
-over 25% of body has 2and degree burns
-over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
- 3rd degree burns on face, hands, feet
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
-least malignant
-most common
-arises from stratum basale
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
-metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
-early removal allows a good chance of cure
-arises from stratum spinosum
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
-mostly deadly skin cancer
-cancer of melanocytes
-metastasizes rapidly to lymph & blood vessels
-detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD RULE
Asymmetry
-2 side of pigment mole don’t match
Border
-border of mole aren’t smooth
Color
-different colons colors in pigmented area
Diameter
-spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter
