CELLS Flashcards
All cells may not be the same, but what parts do ALL cells have? Explain what they do.
-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
Explain the function of the nucleus. What are the regions? Explain the functions of those regions.
FUNCTION- control center of the cell, and contains genetic material
3 REGIONS
-nucleoli
-membrane
-chromatin
NUCLEOLUS MEMBRANE(ENVELOPE)
-barrier of nucleus
-double membrane
-contains pores that allow for exchange of material between the rest of the cell
NUCLEOLI
-can contain 1 or more nucleoli
-site of ribosome assembly
-ribosomes migrate through cytoplasm through nuclear pores
CHROMATIN
-composed of protein & DNA
-present when a cell is not dividing(mitosis)
-scattered throughout the nucleus
-condenses to form chromosomes when cells divide
PLASMA MEMBRANE
-barrier for cell contents
-double cover phosopholipid heads
-hydrophilic heads
-hydrophobic heads
-contains proteins, cholesterol, & glycoproteins
PLASMA MEMBRANE SPECIALIZATIONS- What are microvilli
finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
PLASMA MEMBRANE SPECIALIZATION- junctions
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
-impermeable
-bind cells together through leak proof sheets
DESMOSOMES
-anchoring to prevent cells from being pulled apart
GAP JUNCTIONS
-allow for communication between cells
CYTOPLASM
material outside the nucleus & inside cell membrane
What are the 3 major elements of the cytoplasm?
CYTOSOL
-fluid that suspends other elements
ORGANELLES
-metabolic machinery of cell
INCLUSIONS
-chemical substances such as stored nutrients of cell products
MITOCHONDRIA
(CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLE)
-powerhouse of the cell
-change shape continuously
-carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
-provide ATP for cellular energy
RIBOSOMES
(CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLE)
-made of protein & RNA
-sites of protein synthesis
FOUND @ 2 LOCATIONS
-free in cytoplasm
-as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
EDNOPLASMIC RECTUCLUM (ER)
-fluid-filled tubules carrying substances
2 TYPES OF ER
-rough/ studded, so ribosomes are able to attach to make proteins
-smooth/functions in lipid metabolism & detoxification of drugs & pesticides
Explain how proteins are synthesized & interact with ER
Refer back to the slides or notebook.
LYSOSOMES
How are they created?
-contains enzymes that digest worn-out or non-usable materials
-suicide sacks
-deals with immunity
-made in golgi apparatus
Explain the function of the GOLGI APPARATUS. How do the protein combos distribute.
Modifies & packages proteins
-lysosomes
-secretory vesicles
-cell membrane components
PEROXISOMES
-membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
-detoxify harmful substances(alcohol & formaldehyde)
-Break down free radicals(cause of aging & disease)
-replicate by pinching in half
CYTOSKELETON
-network protein structures
-provides internal framework
3 TYPES OF ELEMENTS
-microfilaments (smallest 7nm)
-intermediate (10 nm) (muscles)
-microtubules (biggest)
CENTRIOLES
-rod shaped bodies made of microtubules
-direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Explain the difference between SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS & SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
Skeletal muscle cells
-multiple nucleoi
-stryations
-contractile filaments
-seen in deltoids, traps, calf
Smooth muscle cells
-uni-nucleoi
-involuntary control
-less force
- found in esophagus , uterus
FAT CELLS
-cell that stores nutrients
- temp regulation
MACROPHAGE
-many lysosomes
-will secrete something to break down invading materials, & then absorb their nutrients
-like the blob
EPITHELIAL CELLS
-cells that cover & line body organs
-intermediate filaments
NERVE CELLS
cells that gather information & controls body functions
