CELLS

Question 1

All cells may not be the same, but what parts do ALL cells have? Explain what they do.

Answer 1

-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane

Question 2

Explain the function of the nucleus. What are the regions? Explain the functions of those regions.

Answer 2

FUNCTION- control center of the cell, and contains genetic material
3 REGIONS
-nucleoli
-membrane
-chromatin

Question 3

NUCLEOLUS MEMBRANE(ENVELOPE)

Answer 3

-barrier of nucleus
-double membrane
-contains pores that allow for exchange of material between the rest of the cell

Question 4

NUCLEOLI

Answer 4

-can contain 1 or more nucleoli
-site of ribosome assembly
-ribosomes migrate through cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Question 5

CHROMATIN

Answer 5

-composed of protein & DNA
-present when a cell is not dividing(mitosis)
-scattered throughout the nucleus
-condenses to form chromosomes when cells divide

Question 6

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Answer 6

-barrier for cell contents
-double cover phosopholipid heads
-hydrophilic heads
-hydrophobic heads
-contains proteins, cholesterol, & glycoproteins

Question 7

PLASMA MEMBRANE SPECIALIZATIONS- What are microvilli

Answer 7

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

Question 8

PLASMA MEMBRANE SPECIALIZATION- junctions

Answer 8

TIGHT JUNCTIONS
-impermeable
-bind cells together through leak proof sheets
DESMOSOMES
-anchoring to prevent cells from being pulled apart
GAP JUNCTIONS
-allow for communication between cells

Question 9

CYTOPLASM

Answer 9

material outside the nucleus & inside cell membrane

Question 10

What are the 3 major elements of the cytoplasm?

Answer 10

CYTOSOL
-fluid that suspends other elements
ORGANELLES
-metabolic machinery of cell
INCLUSIONS
-chemical substances such as stored nutrients of cell products

Question 11

MITOCHONDRIA
(CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLE)

Answer 11

-powerhouse of the cell
-change shape continuously
-carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
-provide ATP for cellular energy

Question 12

RIBOSOMES
(CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLE)

Answer 12

-made of protein & RNA
-sites of protein synthesis
FOUND @ 2 LOCATIONS
-free in cytoplasm
-as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

EDNOPLASMIC RECTUCLUM (ER)

Answer 13

-fluid-filled tubules carrying substances
2 TYPES OF ER
-rough/ studded, so ribosomes are able to attach to make proteins
-smooth/functions in lipid metabolism & detoxification of drugs & pesticides

Question 14

Explain how proteins are synthesized & interact with ER

Answer 14

Refer back to the slides or notebook.

Question 15

LYSOSOMES
How are they created?

Answer 15

-contains enzymes that digest worn-out or non-usable materials
-suicide sacks
-deals with immunity
-made in golgi apparatus

Question 16

Explain the function of the GOLGI APPARATUS. How do the protein combos distribute.

Answer 16

Modifies & packages proteins
-lysosomes
-secretory vesicles
-cell membrane components

Question 17

PEROXISOMES

Answer 17

-membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
-detoxify harmful substances(alcohol & formaldehyde)
-Break down free radicals(cause of aging & disease)
-replicate by pinching in half

Question 18

CYTOSKELETON

Answer 18

-network protein structures
-provides internal framework
3 TYPES OF ELEMENTS
-microfilaments (smallest 7nm)
-intermediate (10 nm) (muscles)
-microtubules (biggest)

Question 19

CENTRIOLES

Answer 19

-rod shaped bodies made of microtubules
-direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Question 20

Explain the difference between SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS & SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

Answer 20

Skeletal muscle cells
-multiple nucleoi
-stryations
-contractile filaments
-seen in deltoids, traps, calf
Smooth muscle cells
-uni-nucleoi
-involuntary control
-less force
- found in esophagus , uterus

Question 21

FAT CELLS

Answer 21

-cell that stores nutrients
- temp regulation

Question 22

MACROPHAGE

Answer 22

-many lysosomes
-will secrete something to break down invading materials, & then absorb their nutrients
-like the blob

Question 23

EPITHELIAL CELLS

Answer 23

-cells that cover & line body organs
-intermediate filaments

Question 24

NERVE CELLS

Answer 24

cells that gather information & controls body functions

Question 25

Explain how FIBROBLAST & RED BLOOD CELLS connect body parts

Answer 25

FIBROBLAST
-found in skin/dermis & connects skin tissue
RED BLOOD CELLS
red blood cells(erythrocytes) are small, circular cells that are meant to be able to move through all the different capillaries because of their flexible size. Every organ & tissue must have access to blood.