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S&F II: Exam 3 > Integrative Systems > Flashcards

Integrative Systems Flashcards

0
Q

Lateral Preoptic Nuclei

A

Contains GABA-ergic neurons that promote sleep

-Projects to posterior pituitary

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1
Q

Medial Preoptic Nuclei

A

Secrete GnRH

=>Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

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2
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

Found in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm

Releases:
1. Oxytocin- Facilitates contraction of mammillary glands; involved w/ feelings of connection
“Love Hormone”

  1. CRH- Causes eventual release of corticosteroids and catecholamines from the adrenals
  2. TRH- Causes anterior pituitary to release TSH and thyroid to release TH
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3
Q

Anterio Nucleus of supraoptic region

A

Main hypothalamic nuclei that controls parasympathetic fnxn

*Also maintains body temp.

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4
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Found in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus; receives input from RGCs and establishes circadian rhythms

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5
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

Secretes ADH from posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Damage to the supraoptic nucleus or supraoptic-hypophyseal tract

=>impaired release of ADH

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7
Q

SIADH

A

Inappropriate ADH hypersecretion due to brain injury, SAH, or infxn

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8
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

“Satiety Center”

Found in the medial zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

*Involved in appetite regulation; suppresses the urge to eat

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9
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

Ventrally located nucleus in the medial zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

Releases:
1. GHRH- releases GH from the anterior pituitary

  1. Dopamine- “Prolactin-inhibiting factor”
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10
Q

Lateral Hypothalamic Area

A

“Feeding Center”

Found in the lateral zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

-Increases appetite; lesions produce anorexia

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11
Q

Posterior Nuclei

A

Found in the mammillary region of the hypothalamus

  • Main nuclei that control sympathetic fnxn; project to intermediolateral cell column
  • Also contains hypocretin-orexin neurons that maintain the “awake” state
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12
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Can be caused by decreased numbers of H/O neurons in the posterior hypothalamus

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13
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Pituitary tumor causing the overproduction of prolactin

Signs/Symptoms:
Decreased libido
Genital atrophy
Galactorrhea
Impotence
*Bitemporal hemianopsia
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14
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

One of the only areas that undergoes neurogenesis throughout life

-Part of the hippocampal formation

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15
Q

Area 28

A

Entorhinal Cortex

Part of the parahippocampal gyrus

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16
Q

Insular Cortex

A

Buried within Sylvian fissure; allows for the experience of empathy

-Autism => abnormalities

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17
Q

Orbito-Frontal Association Cortex

A

Integration of personality and emotional behavior

-Cortical Limbic area

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18
Q

Prefrontal Association Cortex

A

Allows for executive fnxn; “working memory”

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19
Q

Amygdala

A

Subcortical area of limbic system

Important in learned fear

*Desensitization therapy decreases activation of this area

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20
Q

Nucleus Accumbens septi

A

Deep hemispheric nuclei involved in “reward” system in brain

-Receives input from VTA

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21
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Located in the mid-brain near the SN; provides major dopaminergic input to cortex and nucleus accumbens septi

22
Q

MTLS System

A

Circuit consisting of association, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal formation areas that are important for the two types of memory

23
Q

Papez Circuit

A

Hippocampus => Mamillary Bodies
-via fornix

Mammillary Bodies => Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
-via Mammillo-thalamic tract

Anterior Nucleus off the Thalamus => Cingulate gyrus
-via internal capsule

Cingulate gyrus => Hippocampus
-via the cingulum

24
Bilateral damage to MTLS/MDS
Loss of DECLARATIVE memory ONLY
25
Memory loss due to contusion
Injury to opposite side of brain; can damage hippocampus
26
Global Cerebral Anoxia
Damages the hippocampus
27
Migraines
May lead to transient global amnesia in older age
28
HPA axis
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Critical in response to stress; causes release of catecholamines from adrenals; causes decreased neurogenesis in dentate gyrus -Excessive activation can lead to memory impairment; decreased neurogenesis of dentate gyrus
29
Nucleus basalis of Meynert
Located in the telencephalon; utilizes Ach as an NT *Neurons project to cortex WITHOUT relying thru thalamus
30
Reticular Formation of the Thalamus
Integrates info within the nucleus; influences cortex via communications w/ other thalamic nuclei *Only thalamic nucleus that does not project outside thalamus
31
Dorsal raphe nucleus
Utilizes serotonin as an NT; projects to cortex *Plays a role in regulation of consciousness and mood; found in the midbrain
32
Nucleus locus coeruleus
Utilizes NE as an NT; ascends and synapses w/ limbic system structures; does not pass thru thalamus - Descending pathways modulate the transmission of pain in the SC * Found in the pons
33
Pedunculo-pontine nucleus/Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
Involved in wakefulness and REM; found in pons
34
Nucleus raphe magnus
Utilizes serotonin as an NT; involved in modulating the transmission of pain *Found in the medulla
35
Direct ARAS system
Involved w/ the waking state -Includes nucleus locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and tuberomammillary nuclei
36
Indirect ARAS System
Involved w/ REM sleep -Includes the pedunculo-pontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
37
Learning
ARAS must activate limbic structures to work effectively -Does so by stimulating the hippocampus and other limbic areas
38
Vegetative State
Individual may have cycles of wakefulness but no periods of awareness -Visual tracking occurs (positive prognostic sign)
39
Persistent Vegetative State
Vegetative State that lasts for >1month
40
Coma
Prolonged loss of consciousness/responsiveness -No sleep/wake cycle; no visual tracking occus (Although reflex eye movements may be present Results from: 1. Bilateral lesions of upper brainstem 2. Bilateral destruction of hemispheres 3. Bilateral lesions of thalamus
41
GCS coma score
42
4 Major dopamine pathways
1. SN to Neostriatum 2. VTA to Nucleus accumbens septi (reward) 3. VTA to Cortex 4. Tubero-infundibular: Arcuate nucleus to anterior pituitary (inhibits secretion of prolactin)
43
Haldol
Acts on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors =>decreased positive signs *Can also cause tardive dyskinesia if used for too long
44
SSRIs
"Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors" First line drug treatment for anxiety disorders; modulates the activity of the amygdala
45
Effects of chronic stress on learning
Overactive HPA axis => inhibition of memory formation
46
Structural changes in brain of abused children
1. Decreased volume of limbic system (left > right) 2. Cerebral cortex 3. Hippocampus 4. Dentate gyrus 5. Amygdala (decreased GABA receptors) 6. Cerebellar vermis (involved in prod. of NE receptors)
47
Areas with increased activation in abused children
1. Amygdala 2. HPA axis 3. ARAS
48
Brain chemistry changes in abused children
Increased cortisol response Decreased prod. of NTs
49
Responsible for directly shunting fearful information to the amygdala
ARAS
50
Amygdala-MD-prefrontal cortex circuit
PFC uses glutamate to activate the amygdala HOWEVER the dorsal raphe nuclei can inhibit this via serotonergic projections =>GABA released to relax -Long-term abuse an alter the GABA receptors leading to decreased inhibition
51
Hydrocephalus
Can cause: 1. Cognitive dysfunction 2. Ataxia 3. Incontinence * Makes it look like developing Alzheimers; make sure to look closely at the MRI
52
MTLS and MDS blood supply
Branches of the PCA -Infarct of basilar blood supply could also damage these areas
53
3 Descending pathways that modulate pain go thru...
1. Nucleus locus coeruleus 2. Nucleus raphe magnus 3. Rostral Ventral Medulla

S&F II: Exam 3 (23 decks)

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