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BIOL 223 Lecture > Integ. System - Skin > Flashcards

Integ. System - Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major components of the integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures (hair, nails, exocrine glands)

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2
Q

What layers of the skin are part of the cutaneous membrane/integumentary system?

A

Epidermis- avascular epithelial tissue

Dermis- vascular connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the 3 exocrine glands involved in the integumentary system?

A

Sebaceous, ceruminous, and sudoriferous glands

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4
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum (oil)

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5
Q

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

Cerumen (wax)

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6
Q

What do sudoriferous glands secrete?

A

Perspiration (sweat)

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis and what are their ratios?

A 
Papillary later (top 20%)
Reticular layer (bottom 80%)
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8
Q

What does the papillary layer consist of?

A

Areolar tissue, small capillaries, lymphatics, sensory neurons

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9
Q

What does the reticular layer consist of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

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10
Q

What are other names for the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous
SubQ
Superficial fascia

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11
Q

What are the “mountains” of dermal papillae called?

A

Dermal papillae

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12
Q

What are the “valleys” of dermal papillae called?

A

Epidermal ridges

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13
Q

What kind of epithelium is the epidermis made of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What are the four principal cell types in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells (with their merkel disc neuron sub parts)

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15
Q

What protein do melanocytes produce?

A

Melanin

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16
Q

Eumelanin

A

Type of melanin that produces brown and black colors

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17
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Type of melanin that produces yellow and brown colors

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18
Q

Carotene

A

An orange-yellow pigment that normally accumulates in epidermal cells and adipose tissue

*Can be converted to vitamin A

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19
Q

Describe melanin’s production and travel

A

Melanocytes produce and package melanin into melanosomes.

Keratinocytes uptake the melanosomes, open them and release melanin to cytoplasm of the keratinocytes.

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20
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most predominant epithelial cells in the dermis that produce keratin & lamellar granules

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21
Q

What is found inside keratinocytes?

A

Keratin intermediate filaments

*Not yet fully formed keratin

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22
Q

Lamellar granules

A

Specialized organelles found in keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

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23
Q

What are the five layers of strata from deepest to most superficial?

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

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24
Q

How many layers of cells make up the stratum basale?

A

One layer of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes bound to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

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25
Q

What are the dividing cells undergoing mitosis in the stratum basale called?

A

Basale (germinative) cells

*Divide horizontally and vertically. Oldest cells are most superficial

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26
Q

What are the specialized cells of the stratum basale?

A

Merkel cells (and merkel discs) and melanocytes

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26
Q

What is the keratin status in the stratum basale?

A

Sparse keratin intermediate fibers in cytoplasm

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27
Q

How many layers of keratinocytes make up the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 layers bound by desmosomes

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28
Q

What cells make up the stratum spinosum?

A

The old cells that are pushed up after mitosis from the stratum basale

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29
Q

What are the specialized cells found in the stratum spinosum?

A

Langerhans cells (Responsible for immunity)

Lamellar granules

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30
Q

What is the keratin status of the stratum spinosum?

A

Keratinocytes produce coarse bundles of keratin intermediates

31
Q

How many layers of cells make up the stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes that begin apoptosis and stop producing keratin

32
Q

What are the specialized cells in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies

33
Q

What do keratohyalin granules do?

A

Release proteins that bind keratin intermediates into thick keratin bundles

34
Q

What do lamellar bodies do?

A

Release a lipid mixture that attaches the cell envelope to more superficial cells

35
Q

Cell envelope

A

A collection of layers of proteins on the inner leaflet of plasma membranes that thickens the membrane

36
Q

How many cell layers make up the stratum lucidum?

A

4-6 layers

*Only present in thick skin

37
Q

Describe the cells of the stratum lucidum.

A

Cells are clear, flat, and dead with large amounts of keratin and a cell envelope.

38
Q

How many cell layers are in the stratum corneum?

A

15-50+ layers of dead/flat keratinocytes containing keratin.

39
Q

Keratinization

A

The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin

*Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except the eyes

40
Q

How long is the skin life cycle?

A

It takes 4-6 weeks for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum and ultimately shed

41
Q

Where is thin skin located?

A

Hairy skin

*Except for lips and external genitalia

42
Q

Is the dermis thicker in thin or thick skin?

A

Thin skin

43
Q

What glands are found in thin skin?

A

Sebaceous glands, merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands

44
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Fingertips, toes, soles of feet, palms of hands

45
Q

What glands are found in thick skin?

A

Only merocrine sweat glands

46
Q

Are epidermal ridges found in thin or thick skin?

A

Thick skin

47
Q

How do melanocytes affect skin pigmentation?

A

All races have same number of melanocytes, but their activity level and type of melanin produced will vary

48
Q

What two factors are involved in skin coloration?

A

Epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation

49
Q

Skin turgor

A

Properties of flexibility and resilience, indicating a hydrated or dehydrated state

50
Q

Lines of cleavage (tension lines)

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis arranged in parallel bundles that resist force in a specific direction

51
Q

Plexus

A

A network of blood vessels or nerves

52
Q

Subpapillary plexus

A

Blood vessels in the papillary layer that give rise to capillary loops

53
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

Blood vessels in the hypodermis layer that branch into the reticular layer of the dermis

54
Q

What do the nerve fibers (neurons) in the skin control?

A

Blood flow and gland secretions

55
Q

What do the sensory receptors (nerve endings) in the skin do?

A

Provide cutaneous sensations

56
Q

What sensation do merkel cells and their discs detect?

A

Steady, light pressure

57
Q

What sensation do tactile corpuscles detect?

A

Light rubbing

58
Q

What sensation do bulbous corpuscles detect?

A

Steady pressure and stretching

59
Q

What sensations do free nerve endings detect?

A

Temperature, touch, pain, pressure

60
Q

What sensations do lamellated corpuscles detect?

A

Deep pressure and vibration

61
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensation, excretion and absorption, synthesis of vitamin D

62
Q

How does the integumentary system provide protection?

A

Keratin- protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, chemicals

Lipids- inhibit evaporation

Sebum- moisture for hair/nails, contains bactericidal chemicals

Acid pH- retards growth of microbes; acidic mantle of skin

Melanin- UV protection

Langerhans cells- immunity; phagocytizes microbes

63
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Move blood away from the heart

*Drawn in red

64
Q

What do veins do?

A

Move blood to the heart

*Drawn in blue

65
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Site of exchange between veins and arteries

66
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Exocrine glands in the skin that secrete sebum through holocrine mode of secretion

67
Q

Sebum

A

A mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes

68
Q

What are sudoriferous glands?

A

Exocrine glands in the skin that secrete sweat through merocrine mode of secretion

69
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Armpit, nipples, pubic/groin region

70
Q

What is the sweat produced by apocrine sweat glands like?

Where does it secrete?

A

Sticky, cloudy, potentially smelly

Secreted into hair follicle

71
Q

What is the secretory activity of apocrine sweat glands controlled by?

A

Nervous system and hormones

72
Q

What is the sweat produced by merocrine sweat glands like?

Where does it secrete?

A

Watery secretions of water, salt, organic compounds

Secreted directly onto skin surface

73
Q

What are the functions of merocrine sweat glands?

A

Cool the skin, excrete water/electrolytes, flush microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

74
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

*From burns, blisters, hypertonic solution immersion

75
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

Water excreted by sweat glands

76
Q

What are the effects of aging?

A 
Epidermal thinning
Decreased langerhans cells
Decreased vitamin D3 production
Decreased melanocyte activity
Decreased glandular activity 
Loss of subcutaneous fat

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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