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BIOL 223 Lecture > Conditions/Diseases > Flashcards

Conditions/Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)

“Touch me not” ?

A

An inherited condition that results in skin being extremely fragile, blistering, and peeling

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2
Q

What causes Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)

A

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa

*Inability of the stratum basale to anchor to the basement membrane

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3
Q

What is Lamellar ichthyosis?

A

An autosomal recessive disorder that is present from birth that results in the scaling of the skin

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4
Q

What causes lamellar ichthyosis?

A

Inability to form a cell envelope which is needed for the intercellular lipid layers to adhere to, resulting in a defective barrier and scale-like skin

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5
Q

What is a nevus?

A

A mole

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6
Q

What causes a nevus?

A

Harmless localized overgrowth of melanocytes.

*Rarely malignant but should be monitored for changes

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7
Q

What are freckles?

A

Yellow or brown spots

*Degree of pigmentation based on sun exposure and heredity

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8
Q

What causes freckles?

A

Localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

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9
Q

What is albinism?

A

An inherited autosomal recessive condition

*No cure

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10
Q

What causes albinism?

A

The enzyme responsible for melanin production is nonfunctional, causing melanocytes to be unable to produce melanin

*Individuals will have white hair and skin, and pink irises

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11
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

An autoimmune disorder causing a loss of skin color

*No cure

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12
Q

What causes vitiligo?

A

Immune cells attack melanocytes

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13
Q

What is erythema?

A

Excessive, abnormal redness of the skin

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14
Q

What causes erythema?

A

Vasodilation

Inflammation, infection, excessive heat, or allergic reactions

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15
Q

What is pallor?

A

Abnormal paling of the skin

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16
Q

What causes pallor?

A

Vasoconstriction

Shock, anemia

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17
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

A bluish skin tint

*Most apparent in lips, fingers, toes, and beneath nails

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18
Q

What causes cyanosis?

A

Severe reduction in blood flow due to extreme cold or lack of oxygen

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19
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellow coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes

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20
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

A buildup of bilirubin (bile) produced by the liver

*Usually indicates a diseased liver

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21
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

An autoimmune disease that causes darkening of the skin

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22
Q

What causes Addison’s disease?

A

The immune system attacks the adrenal glands and destroys the adrenal cortex, preventing steroid hormones from being produced

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23
Q

What are basal cell carcinomas?

A

The most common and least dangerous type of skin cancer

24
Q

Where do basal cell carcinomas occur?

A

Originates in stratum basale

Usually occurs on face

25
Q

What do basal cell carcinomas look like?

A

Small, shiny elevations that enlarge and develop central depressions with pearly edges

26
Q

How are basal cell carcinomas treated?

A

Surgical removal of lesion

27
Q

What are squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Skin cancer that may metastasize to other body parts

28
Q

Where do squamous cell carcinomas occur?

A

Originates from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

Occurs on scalp, ears, lower lip, dorsum of hand

29
Q

What do squamous cell carcinomas look like?

A

Early lesions are raised, red, scaly

Later lesions form concave ulcers with elevated edges

30
Q

How are squamous cell carcinomas treated?

A

Early detection and surgical removal of lesion

31
Q

What are malignant melanomas?

A

The most deadly type of skin cancer due to aggressive growth and metastasis

*People who have had severe sunburns are at increased risk

32
Q

Where do malignant melanomas occur?

A

Originate from melanocytes

Usually occur in a preexisting mole

33
Q

What do malignant melanomas look like?

A

Change in mole color, diameter, shape of border, and symmetry

34
Q

How are malignant melanomas treated?

A

Chemotherapy, interferon therapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal of lesion

*Survival rate improved by early detection

35
Q

What does the ABCDE rule for malignant melanomas entail?

A

A- asymmetry
B- border (blurred or raged edges)
C- color (shades of black, brown, blue, red, white)
D- diameter (6mm or larger)
E- evolving (change in size, shape, color, symptoms)

36
Q

What are striae?

A

Stretch marks in the skin

37
Q

What causes striae?

A

Thickened scar tissue resulting from excessive stretching of the skin after pregnancy or weight gain

38
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

Inflammation of the skin characterized by itch or pain

39
Q

What causes dermatitis?

A

Infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals

40
Q

What is reduced skin elasticity (seen as sagging and wrinkles) caused by?

A

Dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure

41
Q

What are decubitis ulcers?

A

Bedsores

42
Q

What causes decubitis ulcers?

A

Continuous pressure on the skin compresses the blood vessels, restricting dermal circulation

43
Q

What is hypertrichosis “werewolf syndrome” ?

A

The overgrowth of hair that can be isolated or widespread

44
Q

What causes hypertrichosis?

A

Idiopathic, may be inherited or a spontaneous mutation

45
Q

What are ingrown hairs?

A

A common condition that occurs when a shaved or tweezed hair grows back into the skin, causing inflammation, pain, and tiny bumps

46
Q

What is acne?

A

Plugged sebaceous duct and hair follicle

47
Q

What causes acne?

A

Increased activity of sebaceous gland secretions that block pores

*Typically begins during puberty

48
Q

What treatments are available for acne?

A

Benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, antibiotics, vitamin A

*Can result in scarring if untreated

49
Q

What are ingrown toenails?

A

A common condition when the lateral nail folds grow over the edges of the nail, or when the nail grows into the skin

50
Q

What is a furuncle?

A

Skin infection involving an entire hair follicle and nearby skin tissue (boil)

51
Q

What is a carbuncle?

A

Skin infection involving a group of hair follicles resulting in clusters of pus-filled boils

52
Q

What is ringworm?

A

A highly contagious fungal skin infection

53
Q

What is a cutaneous horn?

A

Hard nail-like keratin on the skin

*Unknown cause

54
Q

What is onycholysis?

A

Spontaneous separation of the nail body and free edge from the nail bed

55
Q

What is impetigo?

A

An infection on the skin surface caused by staph/strep bacteria

56
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

An autoimmune disorder that results in a high rate of mitotic division of keratinocytes, resulting in abnormal accumulation of dead cells

57
Q

What is eczema?

A

A group of inflammatory skin conditions that cause the skin to become itchy and develop a rash

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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