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BIOL 223 Lecture > CH 8 - Joints & Movement > Flashcards

CH 8 - Joints & Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

Site of bone-to-bone connection

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

The study of joints

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3
Q

What is the relationship between joint strength and mobility?

A

Inversely proportional

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4
Q

Range of motion (ROM)

A

The amount or degree of movement

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5
Q

What are structural classifications based on?

A

The anatomical organization of the joint

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6
Q

What are functional classifications based on?

A

The range of motion of the joint

*Further divided based on anatomical structure

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7
Q

What are the three types of structural classifications?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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8
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis, and interosseous membranes

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9
Q

Suture

A

The joint that exists only between the skull bones, interlocked by sutural ligaments (dense fibrous CT)

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10
Q

Gomphosis

A

A joint that binds teeth to their alveoli with periodontal ligaments (dense fibrous CT)

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11
Q

Syndesmosis

A

A joint connecting bones with a cord or band of dense fibrous CT

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12
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

A subtype of syndesmosis where the dense fibrous CT connecting bones is in the form of a thick sheet

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13
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and symphysis

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14
Q

Synchondrosis

A

A rigid, hyaline cartilage bridge between two articulating bones

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15
Q

Symphysis

A

A pad of fibrocartilage between two articulating bones

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16
Q

What are the 6 subtypes of synovial joints?

A 
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
Plane (gliding) 
Saddle
Ellipsoid (condylar)
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17
Q

Synostosis

A

A completely immovable joint without a joint cavity in which the joint or cartilage ossifies

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18
Q

What are the three types of functional classifications?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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19
Q

Synarthrosis

A

An extremely strong, immovable joint with no range of motion

*Bony edges may interlock or fuse to prevent movement

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20
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

A strong, slightly moveable joint with little range of motion

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21
Q

Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

A

A freely moveable joint, typically at the ends of long bones

*Weakest type of joint

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22
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of a diarthrosis? How are they divided?

A

Nonaxial, monaxial (uniaxial), biaxial, triaxial (multiaxial)

Divided by the nature/plane of their movement

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23
Q

Describe the movement in a nonaxial (translational) plane.

A

Gliding back-and-forth & side-to-side movement

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24
Q

Describe the movement in a monaxial (uniaxial) plane.

A

Movement along one axis, either angular or rotational

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25
Q

Describe the movement in a biaxial plane.

A

Movement along two axes

*Two or more angular movements but NOT rotational

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26
Q

Describe the movement in a triaxial (multiaxial) plane.

A

Movement along three axes with angular and rotational movement

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27
Q

What are the 4 features that all diarthroses (synovial joints) have?

A

Articular cartilage, a joint (articular) capsule, a joint (synovial) cavity, and reinforcing accessory structures

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28
Q

Describe the articular cartilage of a diarthrosis.

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones forming the joint

  • No perichondrium
  • More watery matrix
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29
Q

Describe the joint (articular) capsule of a diarthrosis.

A

A sleeve enclosing the joint surfaces that is continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones

  • Inner synovial membrane made of synoviocytes, areolar CT, and elastic fibers
  • Outer fibrous membrane made of dense collagenous CT
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30
Q

Describe the joint cavity of a diarthrosis.

A

A space enclosed by the joint capsule that contains a thin film of synovial fluid

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31
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A lubricating fluid for joints that resembles interstitial fluid but with a high concentration of proteoglycans

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32
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of synovial fluid?

A

Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption

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33
Q

List the reinforcing accessory structures of a diarthrosis.

A 
Pads of cartilage or fat
Tendons
Tendon sheaths 
Bursae
Ligaments
Sensory nerve and blood vessels
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34
Q

What is a fat pad?

A

Localized masses of adipose tissue, found superficial to the joint capsule, that protect articular cartilage and act as packing material for the joint

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35
Q

Meniscus

A

A pad of fibrocartilage

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36
Q

What are the functions of a meniscus?

A

Shock absorption

Improve fit between articulating surfaces to stabilize the joint

Weight distribution over a greater contact surface

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37
Q

Proprioceptors

A

A sensory receptor that monitors position, movement, and stretch of the muscle and joint

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38
Q

Sprain

A

A condition where the ligament is stretched to the point where some or all of the collagen fibers are torn

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39
Q

Bursa

A

A small, flat pocket of synovial fluid that lessens friction between rubbing surfaces

*Inner synovial membrane, outer fibrous membrane

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40
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

*Inner synovial membrane, outer fibrous membrane

41
Q

Luxation

A

A complete dislocation in which articulating bones are forced out of position, damaging articular cartilage, ligaments, and the joint capsule

42
Q

Subluxation

A

A partial dislocation

43
Q

Describe gliding (linear) structure and movement.

A

Articulating bones move linearly, slipping past each other

*Back/forth, side-to-side

44
Q

Describe angular structure and movement.

*

A

Articulating bone can change the angle that pivots at the point of articulation

  • Flextion, extension, hyperextension
  • Abduction, adduction
  • Circumduction
45
Q

Describe rotational structure and movement.

A

Articulating bone can spin at the point of articulation around its longitudinal axis

*Not a complete 360°

46
Q

Flexion

A

Angle decreases between articulating bones

47
Q

Extension

A

Angle increases between articulating bones

48
Q

Hyperextention

A

Extension past the anatomical position

49
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body along frontal plane

50
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body along frontal plane

51
Q

Circumduction

A

A special type of angular movement

  • The hand traces a circle while the shoulder traces a cone
  • Not rotation
52
Q

Rotation

A

Direction of rotation from anatomical position relative to the longitudinal exis of the body

  • Left or right
  • Medial (rotation towards axis)
  • Lateral (rotation away from axis)
53
Q

Pronation

A

Position in which the palms face posteriorly

54
Q

Supination

A

Position in which the palms face anteriorly (anatomical position)

55
Q

Inversion

A

Twisting the sole of the foot medially

56
Q

Eversion

A

Twisting the sole of the foot laterally

57
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at the ankle (lifting toes)

58
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension at the ankle (pointing toes)

59
Q

Opposition

A

Moving the thumb towards the palm (grasping)

60
Q

Reposition

A

Moving the thumb back to anatomical position

61
Q

Protraction

A

Moving anteriorly in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)

62
Q

Retraction

A

Moving posteriorly in the horizontal plane (pulling back)

63
Q

Elevation

A

Movement in the superior direction

64
Q

Depression

A

Movement in the inferior direction

65
Q

Lateral excursion

A

Mandible moves the the right or left

66
Q

Medial excursion

A

Mandible returns to the midline

67
Q

Describe the movement of a plane (gliding) joint.

A

Flattened/curved articulating surfaces that slide across each other slightly (nonaxial)

68
Q

Describe the movement of a hinge joint.

A

Angular movement in one axis (monaxial/uniaxial)

69
Q

Describe the movement of a pivot joint.

A

Rotational movement in one axis (monaxial/uniaxial)

70
Q

Describe the movement of an ellipsoid (condylar) joint.

A

Oval articular face within a depression allowing for angular movements around two axes (biaxial)

*No rotation

71
Q

Describe the movement of a saddle joint.

A

Concave-convex articulation allowing for angular movement around two axes (biaxial)

*No rotation

72
Q

Describe the movement of a ball-and-socket joint.

A

Round head of one bone with a cup-shaped depression in another allowing for all combinations of angular and rotational movements (triaxial/multiaxial)

73
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

A ring of fibrocartilage in the socket of the shoulder joint that deepens the socket

74
Q

List the muscles of the shoulder (rotator cuff).

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

75
Q

List the joints of the elbow.

A 
Humeroulnar joint (hinge)
Humeroradial joint (hinge) 
Proximal radioulnar joint (pivot)
76
Q

List the ligaments of the elbow.

A

Radial collateral ligament
- stabilize lateral surface

Ulnar collateral ligament
- stabilize medial surface

Radial annular ligament
- bind head of radius to ulna

77
Q

Acetabular labrum

A

A ring of fibrocartilage in the socket of the hip joint that deepens the socket

78
Q

List the ligaments of the hip.

A 
Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Transverse acetabular
Ligamentum teres
79
Q

List the ligaments of the knee.

A 
Patellar ligament 
2 popliteal ligaments 
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament 
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament 
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
81
Q

Arthritis

A

A general term that encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

*Always includes articular cartilage damage

82
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA, degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease)

A

Most common form of arthritis in people 60+

Slow, irreversible, chronic degenerative condition that can result from cumulative wear and tear, genetic factors, earlier joint injury, or obesity

83
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

An inflammatory disorder or autoimmune disease that usually occurs in ages 40-50

Symmetrical restricted joint movement and pain with flare ups and remissions

84
Q

Pannus

A

Inflamed synovial membrane

85
Q

Ankylosis

A

Immobility due to the fusion of bones

86
Q

Gouty arthritis (gout)

A

An accumulation of uric acid crystals (from purine metabolism) within the synovial joint

Pain and inflammation that usually affects a single joint

87
Q

Rheumatism

A

A general term that indicates pain and stiffness of the joints

88
Q

What are the 3 C’s of knee injuries?

A

Cruciates, collaterals, cartilages

89
Q

What are 2 examples of synostosis?

A

Epiphyseal line

Fusion of frontal bones

90
Q

What are 2 examples of synchondrosis?

A

Epiphyseal plate

1st sternochondral joint

91
Q

What is an example of syndesmosis?

A

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

92
Q

What are 2 examples of interosseous membranes?

A

Between tibia/fibula

Between radius/ulna

93
Q

What is an example of gomphosis?

A

Bony sockets in mandible/maxillae

94
Q

What are 4 examples of symphysis?

A

Pubic symphysis

Intervertebral discs

Manubriosternal symphyses

Xiphisternal symphyses

95
Q

What are 6 examples of plane/gliding joints?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

Claviculosternal joint

Intercarpal joints

Intertarsal joints

Vertebrocostal joints

Sacro-iliac joints

96
Q

What are 4 examples of hinge joints?

A

Elbow

Knee

Ankle

Interphalangeal joint

97
Q

What are 2 examples of pivot joints?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

98
Q

What are 3 examples of ellipsoid/condylar joints?

A

Radiocarpal joint

Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5

Metatarsophalangeal joints

99
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

1st carpometacarpal joint

100
Q

What are 2 examples of ball-and-socket joints?

A

Shoulder

Hip

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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