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BIOL 223 Lecture > CH 7 - Axial & Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

CH 7 - Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Tendon

A

Dense fibrous/collagenous connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone

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2
Q

Ligament

A

Dense fibrous/collagenous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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3
Q

Condyle

A

Articulating surface

A large, rounded knob

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4
Q

Facet

A

Articulating surface

A smooth, flat, shallow surface

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5
Q

Head

A

Articulating surface

A prominent, rounded epiphysis

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6
Q

Trochlea

A

Articulating surface

A smooth, grooved, pulley-like process

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7
Q

Alveolus

A

Depression

A pit or socket for teeth

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8
Q

Fossa

A

Depression

A shallow basin

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9
Q

Fovea

A

Depression

A small pit

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10
Q

Sulcus

A

Depression

A narrow groove

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11
Q

Crest

A

Projection

A narrow, prominent ridge

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12
Q

Epicondyle

A

Projection

A superior region to a condyle

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13
Q

Line

A

Projection

A slightly raised ridge

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14
Q

Process

A

Projection

Any bony prominence

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15
Q

Protuberance

A

Projection

A bony outgrowth

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16
Q

Ramus

A

Projection

An angular extension of a bone

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17
Q

Spine

A

Projection

A pointed slender process

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18
Q

Trochanter

A

Projection

Two massive projections found only on the femur

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19
Q

Tubercle

A

Projection

A small, rounded projection

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20
Q

Tuberosity

A

Projection

A rough, elevated projection

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21
Q

Canal

A

Passage/cavity

A tunnel through a bone

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22
Q

Fissure

A

Passage/cavity

A narrow slit through a bone

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23
Q

Foramen

A

Passage/cavity

A round hole through a bone

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24
Q

Meatus

A

Passage/cavity

A canal or passageway

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25
Q

Sinus

A

Passage/cavity

A hollow space in a bone

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26
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull and associated bones

Thoracic cage (ribs/sternum, thoracic vertebrae)

Vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)

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27
Q

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

A

Provides a framework for support and protection

Provides surface area for muscle attachment

Stabilizes appendicular skeleton

Performs respiratory movements

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of skull bones?

A

Cranial bones and facial bones

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29
Q

What are the associated skull bones?

A

6 auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone

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30
Q

What are the names of the 3 ear bones?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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31
Q

Which suture of the skull may contain sutural bones?

A

Lambdoidal suture

32
Q

What are primary (accommodation curves)?

A

The thoracic and sacral curves

*Develops before birth

33
Q

What are secondary (compensation) curves?

A

The cervical and lumbar curves

*Develops after birth

34
Q

Kyphosis

A

A humpback, bent, or slouching posture due to an exaggerated thoracic curvature

35
Q

Lordosis

A

An exaggerated lumbar curvature

36
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more vertebrae

37
Q

Spina Bifida

A

A condition resulting from the failure of the vertebral laminae to unite into the vertebral arch during development

*Most common neural tube defect

38
Q

Herniated disc

A

The fibrocartilaginous pad of the intervertebral disc ruptures or slips out of place

Anulus fibrosus breaks, nucleus pulposus leaks

39
Q

What makes up the thoracic cage?

A

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs (costae), and sternum

40
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

A

Protect organs of the thoracic cavity

Muscle attachment for muscles involved in respiration, vertebral column position, and movement of pectoral girdle/upper limbs

41
Q

What are true (vertebraosternal) ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7 that attaches directly to the sternum

42
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-12 that do not attach directly to the sternum

43
Q

What are vertebrochondal ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10 who’s costal cartilage fuses to the cartilage of rib 7

44
Q

What are floating (vertebral) ribs?

A

Ribs 11-12 that do not have any costal cartilage

45
Q

What are intercostal spaces?

A

The spaces between ribs (1-11)

46
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

47
Q

What makes up the vertebral column?

A

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

48
Q

Name the regions of the vertebral column.

A

Cervical region (C1-C7)

Thoracic region (T1-T12)

Lumbar region (L1-L5)

Sacrum (S1-S5)

Coccyx (C01-C03-C05)
*Number of bones vary here

49
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

Protects the spinal cord

Provides support and bears weight of head, neck, and trunk

50
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic girdle

51
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

2 clavicles, 2 scapulae

*Connects to axial skeleton at manubrium

52
Q

What makes up each upper limb?

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges

53
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

2 ilium, 2 ischium, 2 pubis

*Fuse to form os coxae

54
Q

What makes up the pelvis?

A

Os coxae, sacrum, coccyx

55
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

Roughly bottom 2/3 of os coxae that encloses the pelvic cavity

56
Q

Pelvic brim

A

Dividing line between true and false pelvis

57
Q

Pelvic inlet

A

Superior opening into true pelvis

58
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

Inferior opening of true pelvis, between ischial spines

59
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Roughly top 1/3 of os coxae that encloses the inferior portion of abdominal cavity

Formed by muscle overlying bone of true pelvis

60
Q

How does the female pelvis compare to the male pelvis?

A

The female pelvis is smoother, lighter, and wider with less prominent muscle/ligament attachments

61
Q

How does the female sacrum compare the male sacrum?

A

The female sacrum is broader and angled more posteriorly, with smaller sacral promontory

62
Q

How does the female pelvic inlet compare to the male pelvic inlet?

A

Male- heart shaped

Female- oval

63
Q

How does the female pelvic outlet compare to the male pelvic outlet?

A

The female pelvic outlet is broader and more shallow

64
Q

How does the female subpubic angle compare to the male subpubic angle?

A

Male- less than 90°

Female- greater than 100°

65
Q

How does the female ilium compare to the male ilium?

A

The female ilium is more shallow and flared laterally

66
Q

How do the female ischial spines compare to the male ischial spines?

A

The female ischial spines are farther apart

67
Q

How do the female ischial tuberosities compare to the male ischial tuberosities?

A

Male- turned medially

Female- turned laterally

68
Q

What makes up each lower limb?

A

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges

69
Q

What is the function of the talus?

A

Carries weight from tibia across the trochlea

70
Q

What is the function of the calcaneus?

A

Transfers weight from the talus to the ground

71
Q

What makes up the arches of the feet?

A

Tarsals and metatarsals

72
Q

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A

Transfer body weight across the foot

Allow foot to act as a spring to spread the impact forces and store energy for next step

73
Q

What are longitudinal arches?

A

Curvature between posterior and anterior parts of the foot

*Medial and lateral longitudinal arches

74
Q

What is a transverse arch?

A

Curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot

75
Q

What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Allows us to move and manipulate objects

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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