CH 7 - Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Tendon
Dense fibrous/collagenous connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
Ligament
Dense fibrous/collagenous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Condyle
Articulating surface
A large, rounded knob
Facet
Articulating surface
A smooth, flat, shallow surface
Head
Articulating surface
A prominent, rounded epiphysis
Trochlea
Articulating surface
A smooth, grooved, pulley-like process
Alveolus
Depression
A pit or socket for teeth
Fossa
Depression
A shallow basin
Fovea
Depression
A small pit
Sulcus
Depression
A narrow groove
Crest
Projection
A narrow, prominent ridge
Epicondyle
Projection
A superior region to a condyle
Line
Projection
A slightly raised ridge
Process
Projection
Any bony prominence
Protuberance
Projection
A bony outgrowth
Ramus
Projection
An angular extension of a bone
Spine
Projection
A pointed slender process
Trochanter
Projection
Two massive projections found only on the femur
Tubercle
Projection
A small, rounded projection
Tuberosity
Projection
A rough, elevated projection
Canal
Passage/cavity
A tunnel through a bone
Fissure
Passage/cavity
A narrow slit through a bone
Foramen
Passage/cavity
A round hole through a bone
Meatus
Passage/cavity
A canal or passageway
Sinus
Passage/cavity
A hollow space in a bone
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull and associated bones
Thoracic cage (ribs/sternum, thoracic vertebrae)
Vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
What are the functions of the axial skeleton?
Provides a framework for support and protection
Provides surface area for muscle attachment
Stabilizes appendicular skeleton
Performs respiratory movements
What are the 2 types of skull bones?
Cranial bones and facial bones
What are the associated skull bones?
6 auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone
What are the names of the 3 ear bones?
Malleus, incus, stapes
Which suture of the skull may contain sutural bones?
Lambdoidal suture
What are primary (accommodation curves)?
The thoracic and sacral curves
*Develops before birth
What are secondary (compensation) curves?
The cervical and lumbar curves
*Develops after birth
Kyphosis
A humpback, bent, or slouching posture due to an exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis
An exaggerated lumbar curvature
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more vertebrae
Spina Bifida
A condition resulting from the failure of the vertebral laminae to unite into the vertebral arch during development
*Most common neural tube defect
Herniated disc
The fibrocartilaginous pad of the intervertebral disc ruptures or slips out of place
Anulus fibrosus breaks, nucleus pulposus leaks
What makes up the thoracic cage?
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs (costae), and sternum
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
Protect organs of the thoracic cavity
Muscle attachment for muscles involved in respiration, vertebral column position, and movement of pectoral girdle/upper limbs
What are true (vertebraosternal) ribs?
Ribs 1-7 that attaches directly to the sternum
What are false ribs?
Ribs 8-12 that do not attach directly to the sternum
What are vertebrochondal ribs?
Ribs 8-10 who’s costal cartilage fuses to the cartilage of rib 7
What are floating (vertebral) ribs?
Ribs 11-12 that do not have any costal cartilage
What are intercostal spaces?
The spaces between ribs (1-11)
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What makes up the vertebral column?
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Name the regions of the vertebral column.
Cervical region (C1-C7)
Thoracic region (T1-T12)
Lumbar region (L1-L5)
Sacrum (S1-S5)
Coccyx (C01-C03-C05)
*Number of bones vary here
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Protects the spinal cord
Provides support and bears weight of head, neck, and trunk
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic girdle
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
2 clavicles, 2 scapulae
*Connects to axial skeleton at manubrium
What makes up each upper limb?
Humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
2 ilium, 2 ischium, 2 pubis
*Fuse to form os coxae
What makes up the pelvis?
Os coxae, sacrum, coccyx
What is the true pelvis?
Roughly bottom 2/3 of os coxae that encloses the pelvic cavity
Pelvic brim
Dividing line between true and false pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Superior opening into true pelvis
Pelvic outlet
Inferior opening of true pelvis, between ischial spines
What is the false pelvis?
Roughly top 1/3 of os coxae that encloses the inferior portion of abdominal cavity
Formed by muscle overlying bone of true pelvis
How does the female pelvis compare to the male pelvis?
The female pelvis is smoother, lighter, and wider with less prominent muscle/ligament attachments
How does the female sacrum compare the male sacrum?
The female sacrum is broader and angled more posteriorly, with smaller sacral promontory
How does the female pelvic inlet compare to the male pelvic inlet?
Male- heart shaped
Female- oval
How does the female pelvic outlet compare to the male pelvic outlet?
The female pelvic outlet is broader and more shallow
How does the female subpubic angle compare to the male subpubic angle?
Male- less than 90°
Female- greater than 100°
How does the female ilium compare to the male ilium?
The female ilium is more shallow and flared laterally
How do the female ischial spines compare to the male ischial spines?
The female ischial spines are farther apart
How do the female ischial tuberosities compare to the male ischial tuberosities?
Male- turned medially
Female- turned laterally
What makes up each lower limb?
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
What is the function of the talus?
Carries weight from tibia across the trochlea
What is the function of the calcaneus?
Transfers weight from the talus to the ground
What makes up the arches of the feet?
Tarsals and metatarsals
What are the functions of the arches of the foot?
Transfer body weight across the foot
Allow foot to act as a spring to spread the impact forces and store energy for next step
What are longitudinal arches?
Curvature between posterior and anterior parts of the foot
*Medial and lateral longitudinal arches
What is a transverse arch?
Curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot
What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton?
Allows us to move and manipulate objects
