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BIOL 223 Lecture > CH 16 - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

CH 16 - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system (SNS) operations.

A

Consciously controlled

Effector: skeletal muscle

Integrative center: cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Describe the autonomic nervous system (ANS) operations.

A

Unconsciously controlled

Effectors: smooth/cardiac muscle, glands, adipose

Integrative center: hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

Where is it found?

A

“The brains of the gut”

Found along length of GI tract and within the walls of the GI tract/pancreas/gallbladder

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4
Q

What are the sensory neuron receptors of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A

Chemoreceptors- monitor chemical changes of GI tract

Mechanoreceptors- monitor stretching of walls

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5
Q

What do enteric motor neurons control?

A

Contraction of the smooth muscles of GI tract to move food along

Secretions of GI tract organs

Activity of GI tract endocrine cells

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6
Q

What is a short reflex?

A

Complex visceral reflexes that are locally coordinated and function independently of the CNS

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7
Q

What is a long reflex?

A

Reflexes that involve the brain and that are influenced by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions

2 Visceral motor neurons would synapse with the ENS interneuron

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8
Q

Preganglionic fibers

A

Axons of preganglionic neurons

*Type B fibers

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

Axons of postganglionic neurons

*Type C fibers

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10
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

Where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse

*Contains postganglionic neuron cell bodies

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11
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

Neurons that release/exocytosis acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft

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12
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

Receptors that ACh binds to

Either nicotinic or muscarinic

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13
Q

Adrenergic neurons

A

Neurons that release/exocytosis norepinephrine (NE) to specific target organs

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14
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Receptors that NE (or epinephrin) binds to

Either alpha (NE potent) or beta (epi potent)

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15
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division

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16
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions interact?

A
  1. Dual innervation- opposing effects (excitatory vs inhibitory)
  2. They work independently- they control different things
  3. Cooperative effects- each division controls different stages of the same process; working together
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17
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

Within lateral grey horns between segments T1-L2 of the spinal cord

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18
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic postganglionic neurons located?

A

Within sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia), collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia), or adrenal medulla

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19
Q

What is found within the thoracolumbar outflow?

A

Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons

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20
Q

What is the rule about sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

A

Preganglionic fibers are short

Postganglionic fibers are long

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21
Q

What is the exception about sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

A

The adrenal medulla

Preganglionic fiber is long

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22
Q

What are the major effects of the sympathetic division?

A

Increased:

  • mental alertness
  • metabolic rate
  • respiratory rate
  • heart rate & force of contraction
  • blood pressure
  • muscle tone

Decreased:

  • digestive/urinary functions
  • salivation

Energized feeling
Energy reserves activated
Sweat glands activated
Pupils dilated

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23
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The release of glucose from the liver

Glycogen becomes glucose

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24
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown of triglyceride reserves from adipocytes

Triglycerides become fatty acids and glycerol

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25
Q

Proteolysis

A

The breakdown of proteins into amino acids

26
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The combination of lipolysis and proteolysis

27
Q

Which structures are only found within spinal cord segments T1-L2?

A

Lateral grey horns and white rami

28
Q

Describe the route that all sympathetic preganglionic neurons initially follow.
What are the options from there?

A

The cell body of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron is located within the lateral grey horn of spinal segments T1-L2. The preganglionic fibers will exit the spinal cord through the ventral root and enter the white ramus.

The sympathetic preganglionic neuron will then synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron in a sympathetic chain ganglion or a collateral ganglion, or an adrenal medulla

29
Q

If a synapse occurs at a sympathetic chain ganglion, what will the postganglionic axon leave as?

A 
Cephalic periarterial nerves (head structures)
Sympathetic nerves (heart and lungs)
Spinal/peripheral nerves (skin structures)
30
Q

If a synapse occurs at a collateral ganglion, what will the preganglionic axon leave as?

A

Splanchnic nerves (abdominopelvic structures)

31
Q

List the regions of the sympathetic chain ganglia and where they are located.

A 
Cervical ganglia (C1-C8 cervical spinal nerves)
*Superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia

Thoracic ganglia (T1-T12 thoracic spinal nerves)

Lumbar ganglia (L1-L5 lumbar spinal nerves)

Sacral ganglia (S1-S5 sacral spinal nerves)

Coccygeal ganglion (C1)

  • Also called ganglion impar
  • Fused
32
Q

What does the ganglion impar respresent?

A

The fusion of the left and right sympathetic chains

33
Q

Which structures are associated with spinal/peripheral nerves?

A

Skin of body/neck/limbs

34
Q

Which structures are associated with sympathetic nerves?

A

Structures of the thoracic cavity (above the diaphragm)

35
Q

What structures are associated with cephalic periarterial nerves?

A

Structures of the head

36
Q

List the splanchnic nerves.

A

Greater splanchnic nerve
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Lumbar splanchnic nerve
Sacral splanchnic nerve

37
Q

List the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia.

A

Celiac ganglia (x2)
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Hypogastric ganglion

38
Q

What is a chromaffin cell?

What are its functions?

A

Specialized sympathetic postganglionic neuron without axons or dendrites

Secretes hormones (NE and epi) into blood when stimulated by a sympathetic preganglionic neuron

*Secretes 75-80% epi, 15-20% NE

39
Q

What do stimulated sympathetic preganglionic neurons release? Where?

What are they called? What are their effects?

A

Acetylcholine into synaptic cleft

These are called cholinergic neurons, and they always have an excitatory effect on their postganglionic neurons

40
Q

What do stimulated sympathetic postganglionic neurons release? Where?

What are they called? What are their effects?

A

Norepinephrine to specific target organs

These are called adrenergic neurons, and they can be excitatry or inhibitory depending on their effectors

41
Q

What is the exception in which a stimulated sympathetic postganglionic neuron releases ACh instead of NE?

A

Sweat glands of the skin

If the effector is a sweat gland, the sympathetic postganglionic neuron is a cholinergic neuron. It releases ACh into the synaptic cleft that binds to muscarinic receptors.

42
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate?

Where do they leave through?

A

If originating in the brain stem, they leave through the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves

If originating in sacral segments of the spinal cord, they leave through lateral grey matter of sacral spinal segments S2-S4

43
Q

Cranial parasympathetic output

A

Preganglionic axons that extend from the brainstem in oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves to structures in the head, organs in the thoracic cavity, and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

44
Q

Sacral parasympathetic output

A

Preganglionic axons that extend from S2-S4 to abdominopelvic organs via pelvic splanchnic nerves

45
Q

What is the rule about parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

A

Preganglionic fibers are long

Postganglionic fibers are short

46
Q

What are terminal ganglia?

List them.

A

Ganglia/site of synapse close to effectors

Ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia

47
Q

What are intramural ganglia?

A

Ganglia/site of synapse embedded within the wall of the effectors (abdominopelvic organs)

48
Q

What are the major effects of the parasympathetic division?

A

Increased:

  • digestive/urinary functions
  • salivation
  • energy storage

Decreased:

  • mental alertness
  • metabolic rate
  • respiratory rate
  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • muscle tone

Lethargic feeling
Pupil constriction

49
Q

What is found within the cranial parasympathetic outflow?

A

Axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

50
Q

List the nerve-terminal ganglia pairings for cranial parasympathetic outflow.

A 
Oculomotor nerve - ciliary ganglion
Facial nerve - pterygopalatine ganglion
Facial nerve - submandibular ganglion
Glossopharyngeal nerve - otic ganglion
Vagus nerve - Intramural ganglion
51
Q

List the nerve-terminal ganglia pairings for sacral parasympathetic outflow.

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerve - intramural ganglion

52
Q

What do stimulated parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release? Where?

What are they called? What are their effects?

A

Acetylcholine into synaptic cleft

These are called cholinergic neurons, and they always have an excitatory effect on their postganglionic neurons

53
Q

What do stimulated parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release? Where?

A

Acetylcholine to specific target organs (neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions)

54
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

What does ACh exposure do?

A

On all sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic cells; excitatory response

At motor end plate of neuromuscular junctions of the somatic nervous system; skeletal muscle contractions

55
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

What does ACh exposure do?

A

At all parasympathetic visceral effectors

At sympathetic neuroglandular junctions; can be excitatory or inhibitory

56
Q

What are autonomic plexuses?

What are they formed by?

A

Nerve networks in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Formed by

  • sympathetic postganglionic fibers
  • parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
  • visceral sensory fibers
57
Q

List the autonomic plexuses.

A 
Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Esophageal plexus
Celiac plexus
Superior mesenteric plexus
Inferior mesenteric plexus
Hypogastric plexus
58
Q

Autonomic tone

A

The resting state of organs, regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by visceral motor neurons

*Can involve sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, or both

59
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

An example of sympathetic tone

Sympathetic fibers innervate blood vessels to keep them in a continual state of partial contraction

  • Increased vasomotor tone = vasoconstriction
  • Decreased vasomotor tone = vasodilation
60
Q

Vagal tone

A

An example of parasympathetic tone involving the heart

During exercise/stress, heart rate increases by stimulating sympathetic division and inhibiting parasympathetic division (dual innervation)

  • Increased vagal tone = decreased heart rate
  • Decreased vagal tone = increased heart rate

BIOL 223 Lecture (26 decks)

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