Instrument Procedures And Approaches Flashcards
VFR minima in a CTR
Ground vis not less than 5km
Or
Cloud ceiling not less than 1,500ft
Prior to any instrument departure
Must have clearance
Must have necessary plates available - if you don’t - ATC can read the departure plate inc missed aprch and loss of comms procedures
Obstacle clearance - instrument procedures
Based on the highest obstacle within 5nm of track
300m
600m for mountainous regions
Procedure design gradient
3.3%
Guaranteed obstacle clearance at the end of the DER
0
Straight dep
Initial dep track is within 15* of the alignment of the r/y
Based upon track guidance acquired within 20km from DER
Track guidance is provided by radio aids
Turning dep
Dep track req a turn of more than 15* of the r/y alignment - turning area is constructed
Based upon tack guidance acquired within 10km of the DER
Straight flight is assumed until reaching 120m above DER and a MOC of 90m
Omni directional dep
No track guidance req
A/c climb on extended r/y centreline - 120m before turns can be specified
At least 90m obstacle clearance will be provided before turns greater than 15*
SIDs start and end at
Start at DER and end at a point joining the ATS system
MSA on a plate
Depicted out to 25nm from the facility
To fly a SID a/c have to equip with
2 VORs
1 ADF
1 DME
An IFR flight can be cleared for a visual aprch if
Pilot can maintain visual ref to terrain
Or
Ceiling is at or above the approved aprch level
Or
Pilot reports at any time during the inst aprch that the met conditions make a visual aprch can be accomplished
Visual aprch separation shall be provided by
By ATC between cleared a/c and other arriving and departing a/c
For successive visual aprch
ATC will maintain separation until the pilot reports that he/she has the traffic in front in sight
Then the pilot will be instructed to maintain own separation from proceeding a/c
Instrument aprch design is dictated by
Terrain surrounding the aerodrome
Type of nav aids
Airspace restrictions
Type of ops
Most significant factor for instrument aprch
Speed (VAT)
Cat A and B a/c aprch speeds
Cat A - Vat = <91
Initial aprch speed range = 90/150
Final aprch speed range = 70/100
Max speed for VM(f) = 100
Cat B - Vat = 91/120
Initial aprch speed range = 120/180
Final aprch speed range = 85/130
Max speed for VM(f) = 135
Max speed for track reversal/racetrack procedures
Cat A = 110
Cat B = 140
An a/c can descend below MSA when
The aerodrome and terrain are visible and will remain so
A/c is being radar vectored
A/c are flying a published procedure
Examples of non precession aprch
VOR NDB Circling radar G/s is out SRA
Guidance on how to calc DH/DA can be located in
The ops manual
MDA/MDH + MApt
A/c at MDH/MDA but before MApt can fly level to MApt - if still not getting visual ref commence missed aprch
Can initiate missed aprch before MDH/MDA but must pass over MApt
D/H D/A MDH/MDA are set by
Set by the operator
OCH/OCA is set by
Set by the state
DH/DA MDH/A can never be below this
Limits to inst aprch
Non precession- RVR no lower than 300m
Precession- not past the outer marker
If RVR falls below the limits after passing the above then the aprch may be cont down to DH/A for precession MDH/A for non
Straight in non precession aprch
FAT converges with the r/y HDG of 30* or less
Established on an NDB
5* either side of the FAT
Most accurate fixes
Track and bearing = ILS loc
Overhead posn = NDB
STAR starts and ends and max intercept
Begins at the end of the route and ends at the IAF
Max intercept IAF to IF = 90* precession
Non precession = 120*max
5 segments of instrument aprch
Arrival Initial aprch Intermediate aprch Final aprch Missed aprch
Arrival segment
Starts on leaving the enroute phase or 25nms
Ends at the IAF
May be specified as a star
MOC 300m
Min level/alt dictated by MSA (within 25nms)
Initial aprch segment
From IAF to IF
Max intercept angle = 90 for P or 120 for n/p
MOC = 300m
Intermediate aprch segment
IF to FAF
Change speed/config
MOC = 300m to 150m
Distance FAF from threshold
Optimum = 5nms
Max = 10NM
Final aprch segment
FAF to MApt or l/d
R/y alignment and final descent
Min alt/height - DH/A precession MDH/A n/p
3 phases of the missed aprch
Initial
Intermediate
Final
Initial phase of m/a
No turns
MApt to climb established
Intermediate phase
Turns up to 15*
2.5% gradient which ensures 30m MOC at all times
Climb is established to 50m MOC and can be maintained
Final phase
Turns over 15* permitted
50m MOC and can be maintained to a/c initiating a new aprch/hold or returns to enroute
Vertical distance from the wheels and the GS aerial for cat A and B
6m
Wing span = 60m
Vertical distance from the wheels and the GS aerial for cat C and D
7m
Wingspan = 65m
Calc OBH/A and MDH/A
Find nearest obstacle and add
90m without FAF
75m with FAF
OCH can not be less than
CAT A = 120m - goes up by 30m for each cat
Min obstacle clearance
CAT A and B = 90m
CAT C and D = 120m
CAT E = 150m
2 types of procedure turns and times
45/180 = cat A,B = 1 min cat C,D,E = 1.15min
80/260 = start of turn defined by fix or maybe timed
MApt can be defined from
Nav facility
Fix
Specified from the FAF
Min vis for a VM(c) aprch
Cat A 1nm B 1.5 C 2 D 2.5 E 3.5
