Injury And Trauma

Question 1

What is the difference between injury and trauma

Answer 1

Injury is Damage to the body caused by an external force whereas trauma is an injury that has the potential to cause disability or death

Question 2

What differentiates between injury and trauma

Answer 2

The severity differentiates between injury and trauma, initially the body will respond in the same way (involuntary inflammatory response)

Question 3

What is the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Answer 3

Constriction- narrowing of the blood vessels
Dilation- widening of the blood vessels

Question 4

What does NSAIDS stand for and give 2 examples

Answer 4

Non
Steroidal
Anti
Inflammatory
DrugS
Aspirin, ibuprofen.

Question 5

What happens when your blood flow is increased

Answer 5

Delivers more white blood cells and nutrients to the site of the infection so that the immune response can commence

Question 6

What causes an increased metabolic rate

Answer 6

Caused by the need to generate white blood cells as well as for the movement of white blood cells blood cells to the injured area

Question 7

What causes redness on the body

Answer 7

Caused by an increase in heart rate and increased blood flowing to that area

Question 8

What causes pain in the body

Answer 8

Caused by the receptors in the skin signalling via the sensory nerves but also as a result of pressure being applied from swelling, inflammatory mediators also irritate the pain receptors

Question 9

What causes swelling in the body

Answer 9

As the blood flow increase capillaries increase their permeability (action of histamine and bradykinin) in order to allow the white blood cells to reach the injury. This also increases the amount of water in the tissue that results in swelling. This can cause low bp- hypotension

Question 10

What are histamine and bradykinin

Answer 10

Inflammatory mediators

Question 11

What does SIRS stand for and what can it cause

Answer 11

Allergies and systemic inflammatory response syndrome which can cause organ failure if unchecked

Question 12

What does haemostasis mean

Answer 12

Keeping blood at a constant level of coagulation factors and pressure

Question 13

What is the process of haemostasis

Answer 13

The interaction of platelets, adhesive proteins in the skin and circulating fibrin which leads to the formation of a stable platelet plug around which a fibrin network can be built- prevents blood loss

Question 14

What is a coagulation factor and what does it do

Answer 14

Thrombin, a clotting enzyme, which is released by the liver, support clot formation and wound healing by building the network of fibrin and platelets to plug the wound

Question 15

What are the 4 steps in the wound healing process

Answer 15

1- inflammation.
2- destruction
3- proliferation
4-maturation

Question 16

What happens during the inflammation stage of the healing process

Answer 16

Inflammation begins immediately, can last up to 3 days which helps prevent blood loss by vasoconstriction, once bleeding stops the blood vessels will dilate again

Question 17

What happens during the destruction stage of the healing process

Answer 17

Lasts 1-6 days, prevents infection, cleans the wound, wbc clean the wound by releasing chemicals, the dead cells that are secreted are called slough (pus)

Question 18

What happens during the proliferation stage of the healing process

Answer 18

Lasts between 3-24 days, new tissue is regenerated, new capillaries join together which develops into granulation tissue that fills the wound cavity

Question 19

What happens during the maturation stage of the healing process

Answer 19

Lasts between 21 days-2 years, epithelial cells reduce size of the wound, Macrophages re-organise collagen to form a scar

Question 20

What are 4 additional responses to trauma

Answer 20

-loss of organ function
-bone structure deformity
-haemorrhaging
-skin bruising

Question 21

What is ischemia

Answer 21

A lack of blood flowing in an area of the body, could be due to blood loss or blockage preventing blood to flow

Question 22

What is the cause and treatment for an ischeamic stroke

Answer 22

Cause- blockage cuts off blood supply
Treatment- medicine (tissue plasminogen activator

Question 23

What is the cause and treatment for a transient ischaemic attack
(TIA)

Answer 23

Cause- blood clots that travelled to the blood vessels supplying the brain
Treatment- aspirin, other anti platelet meds

Question 24

What is the cause and treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 24

Cause- sitting for too long, blood pooling to one area
Treatment- compression socks, surgery