Injury And Trauma Flashcards
What is the difference between injury and trauma
Injury is Damage to the body caused by an external force whereas trauma is an injury that has the potential to cause disability or death
What differentiates between injury and trauma
The severity differentiates between injury and trauma, initially the body will respond in the same way (involuntary inflammatory response)
What is the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Constriction- narrowing of the blood vessels
Dilation- widening of the blood vessels
What does NSAIDS stand for and give 2 examples
Non
Steroidal
Anti
Inflammatory
DrugS
Aspirin, ibuprofen.
What happens when your blood flow is increased
Delivers more white blood cells and nutrients to the site of the infection so that the immune response can commence
What causes an increased metabolic rate
Caused by the need to generate white blood cells as well as for the movement of white blood cells blood cells to the injured area
What causes redness on the body
Caused by an increase in heart rate and increased blood flowing to that area
What causes pain in the body
Caused by the receptors in the skin signalling via the sensory nerves but also as a result of pressure being applied from swelling, inflammatory mediators also irritate the pain receptors
What causes swelling in the body
As the blood flow increase capillaries increase their permeability (action of histamine and bradykinin) in order to allow the white blood cells to reach the injury. This also increases the amount of water in the tissue that results in swelling. This can cause low bp- hypotension
What are histamine and bradykinin
Inflammatory mediators
What does SIRS stand for and what can it cause
Allergies and systemic inflammatory response syndrome which can cause organ failure if unchecked
What does haemostasis mean
Keeping blood at a constant level of coagulation factors and pressure
What is the process of haemostasis
The interaction of platelets, adhesive proteins in the skin and circulating fibrin which leads to the formation of a stable platelet plug around which a fibrin network can be built- prevents blood loss
What is a coagulation factor and what does it do
Thrombin, a clotting enzyme, which is released by the liver, support clot formation and wound healing by building the network of fibrin and platelets to plug the wound
What are the 4 steps in the wound healing process
1- inflammation.
2- destruction
3- proliferation
4-maturation
What happens during the inflammation stage of the healing process
Inflammation begins immediately, can last up to 3 days which helps prevent blood loss by vasoconstriction, once bleeding stops the blood vessels will dilate again
What happens during the destruction stage of the healing process
Lasts 1-6 days, prevents infection, cleans the wound, wbc clean the wound by releasing chemicals, the dead cells that are secreted are called slough (pus)
What happens during the proliferation stage of the healing process
Lasts between 3-24 days, new tissue is regenerated, new capillaries join together which develops into granulation tissue that fills the wound cavity
What happens during the maturation stage of the healing process
Lasts between 21 days-2 years, epithelial cells reduce size of the wound, Macrophages re-organise collagen to form a scar
What are 4 additional responses to trauma
-loss of organ function
-bone structure deformity
-haemorrhaging
-skin bruising
What is ischemia
A lack of blood flowing in an area of the body, could be due to blood loss or blockage preventing blood to flow
What is the cause and treatment for an ischeamic stroke
Cause- blockage cuts off blood supply
Treatment- medicine (tissue plasminogen activator
What is the cause and treatment for a transient ischaemic attack
(TIA)
Cause- blood clots that travelled to the blood vessels supplying the brain
Treatment- aspirin, other anti platelet meds
What is the cause and treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Cause- sitting for too long, blood pooling to one area
Treatment- compression socks, surgery
