Information processing, motor programmes Flashcards
Wellford’s 3 stages of information processing
Input of information –> perception
Throughput –> decision-making
Output –> response
Whiting’s model of information processing
Receptor system
Perceptual mechanism
Translatory mechanism
Effector mechanism
Receptor system
The sensory organs that receive the information
Perceptual mechanisms
Involves selective attention + filtering of information
Translatory mechanism
Where decision-making takes place + relevant information is sorted using short-term + long-term memory
Effector mechanism
Output messages are sent to the limbs via the nervous system
Whiting’s 3 stage model of information processing
Input
Decision-making
Output
Sensory input
Information received by the body through sensory organs in a sporting situation (sight, touch, sound)
Internal processes from sensors call proprioceptors = provide information about muscle tension + length
Perception
The process by which the sensory input is given meaning
–> i.e. you interpret the information + identify the important elements
3 elements of perception
Detection
Comparison
Recognition
Detection
Identifying the correct stimulus –> beginners attend the wrong stimulus = poor decision-making
Comparison
The brain processes information by comparing it with previous experiences stored in our memory
Recognition
A match in our memory of a similar stimulus = information then perceived
Selective attention
Brain has limited short-term capacity + can only cope with a certain amount of information
Important that it selects the correct information to attend to
As the performer moves through the stages of learning they can attend to more information
Strategies to improve information processing
Sensory input/selective attention
Memory
Decision-making
Reaction time
Feedback
Strategies to improve sensory input/selective attention
–> change visual display e.g using a bigger ball
–> reduce cues so learner is not overloaded
–> ensure basic skills = well learned to free up attention capacity
Strategies to improve memory
Providing lots of rehearsal
Making sessions exciting + more memorable
Imagery
Chunking information
Using cues
Strategies to improve decision-making
Varying practice –> experience a range of different situations
Building up long-term memory
Strategies to improve reaction time
Blocking out irrelevant cues
Using anticipation
Improving physical fitness
Using mental rehearsal
Strategies to improve feedback
Coaches = extremely important
BUT use wisely so performer doesn’t become dependent on it
Motor programmes
Series of sub-routines organised into the correct sequence to perform a movement
- e.g. tennis stroke = grip, stance, swing + follow-through
–> Stored in long-term memory + retrieved when performing a skill
- Allows movement to be performed quickly/effectively + efficiently
2 loop theories
Closed loop
Open loop
Closed loop
Focuses on intrinsic feedback + errors detected
Possible correction during performance
Open loop
Focuses on all the information being sent as a single message for the movement
- Not reliant on feedback
