Information processing, motor programmes

Question 1

Wellford’s 3 stages of information processing

Answer 1

Input of information –> perception
Throughput –> decision-making
Output –> response

Question 2

Whiting’s model of information processing

Answer 2

Receptor system
Perceptual mechanism
Translatory mechanism
Effector mechanism

Question 3

Receptor system

Answer 3

The sensory organs that receive the information

Question 4

Perceptual mechanisms

Answer 4

Involves selective attention + filtering of information

Question 5

Translatory mechanism

Answer 5

Where decision-making takes place + relevant information is sorted using short-term + long-term memory

Question 6

Effector mechanism

Answer 6

Output messages are sent to the limbs via the nervous system

Question 7

Whiting’s 3 stage model of information processing

Answer 7

Input
Decision-making
Output

Question 8

Sensory input

Answer 8

Information received by the body through sensory organs in a sporting situation (sight, touch, sound)
Internal processes from sensors call proprioceptors = provide information about muscle tension + length

Question 9

Perception

Answer 9

The process by which the sensory input is given meaning
–> i.e. you interpret the information + identify the important elements

Question 10

3 elements of perception

Answer 10

Detection
Comparison
Recognition

Question 11

Detection

Answer 11

Identifying the correct stimulus –> beginners attend the wrong stimulus = poor decision-making

Question 12

Comparison

Answer 12

The brain processes information by comparing it with previous experiences stored in our memory

Question 13

Recognition

Answer 13

A match in our memory of a similar stimulus = information then perceived

Question 14

Selective attention

Answer 14

Brain has limited short-term capacity + can only cope with a certain amount of information
Important that it selects the correct information to attend to
As the performer moves through the stages of learning they can attend to more information

Question 15

Strategies to improve information processing

Answer 15

Sensory input/selective attention
Memory
Decision-making
Reaction time
Feedback

Question 16

Strategies to improve sensory input/selective attention

Answer 16

–> change visual display e.g using a bigger ball
–> reduce cues so learner is not overloaded
–> ensure basic skills = well learned to free up attention capacity

Question 17

Strategies to improve memory

Answer 17

Providing lots of rehearsal
Making sessions exciting + more memorable
Imagery
Chunking information
Using cues

Question 18

Strategies to improve decision-making

Answer 18

Varying practice –> experience a range of different situations
Building up long-term memory

Question 19

Strategies to improve reaction time

Answer 19

Blocking out irrelevant cues
Using anticipation
Improving physical fitness
Using mental rehearsal

Question 20

Strategies to improve feedback

Answer 20

Coaches = extremely important
BUT use wisely so performer doesn’t become dependent on it

Question 21

Motor programmes

Answer 21

Series of sub-routines organised into the correct sequence to perform a movement
- e.g. tennis stroke = grip, stance, swing + follow-through
–> Stored in long-term memory + retrieved when performing a skill
- Allows movement to be performed quickly/effectively + efficiently

Question 22

2 loop theories

Answer 22

Closed loop
Open loop

Question 23

Closed loop

Answer 23

Focuses on intrinsic feedback + errors detected
Possible correction during performance

Question 24

Open loop

Answer 24

Focuses on all the information being sent as a single message for the movement
- Not reliant on feedback