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PH 122 > Inflammation & Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation & Repair Flashcards

0
Q

Acute inflammation is part of adaptive immunity, true or false?

A

False. Innate dapat.

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1
Q

Identify

inflammatory exudates rich in leukocytes, debris of dead cells, and microbes

A

Pus

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2
Q

Enumerate the three major components of acute inflammation.

A

Alterations in vascular caliber
Structural changes in microvasculature
Emigration of leukocytes

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3
Q

Hallmark of acute inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability

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4
Q
  1. Gaps due to endothelial contraction
  2. Direct injury (toxins, burns, chemicals)
  3. Leukocyte-dependent injury (toxic oxygen species and proteolytic enzymes)
  4. Increased transcytosis (vascular endothelium-derived growth factor) 5.New blood vessel formation – still includes vasodilation

All these are signs ot increased vasc perm in what type of inflammation?

A

Acute

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5
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

process of leukocyte migration towards site of injury along a chemical gradient

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6
Q

Which is not endogenous attractant of chemotaxis?
A)Components of complement system (C5a)
B)Products of lipoxygenase pathway (leukotriene B4)
C)Cytokines
D)bacterial products

A

D)bacterial products

^ exogenous

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7
Q

These WBCs mainly mediate acute inflammation. Identify!

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

False about histamine
a. Richest source: platelets
b. Principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability
c. May be triggered by neuropeptides, IL-1 and IL-8
D. Also found in basophils and platelets

A

a. Richest source: platelets

Mast cells dapat

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9
Q

A. Leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation – C5b
B. Phagocytosis – C3b
C.Cell lysis by membrane attack complex (MAC)

Which is mismatched?

A

A. Leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation – C5b

C5a dapat

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10
Q

False about serotonin
A.Platelets and enterochromaffin cells B.Function as neurotransmitter in the GI tract and as vasodilator
C.both are false

A

B.Function as neurotransmitter in the GI tract and as vasodilator

Vasoconstrictor dapat

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11
Q

Activation of Kinin system –> release of ___, which increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, and vasodilation

A

Bradykinin

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12
Q

a. Resultant factor XIIa-driven proteolytic cascade causes ___
activation
b. ___ cleaves soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin clot

A

Thrombin

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13
Q

Factor XII is also known as __

A

Activated Hageman factor

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14
Q

Cyclooxygenase synthesized prostagladin and thromboxane. What is the main difference?

A

Prostaglandin-vasodilator

Thromboxane-vasoconstrictor

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15
Q

Lipooxygenase synthesizes leukotrienes and lipoxins. What is the diff bet them?

A

Lipoxins - inhibit neutrophil recruitment

Leukotrienes:stimulate neutrophil recruitment

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16
Q

These two cytokines result in ACUTE PHASE REACTIONS

A

Tumor necrosis factor

Interleukin-1

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17
Q

Identify

outpouring of thin fluid derived from either plasma or secretions of mesothelial cells (effusion)

A

Serous inflammation

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18
Q

Identify

(1) Occurs in more severe injuries and greater vascular permeability (fibrinogen pass the vascular barrier) (2) Fibrin appears as an eosinophilic meshwork of threads
(3) Resolution or scarring (ingrowth of fibroblasts and blood vessels)

A

Fibrinous inflammation

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19
Q

Identify

Production of large amount of pus or purulent exudates consists of neutrophils, necrotic cells and edema fluid

A

Purulent inflammation

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20
Q

Identify:Local defect of excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the shedding of inflammatory necrotic tissue

A

Ulcer

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21
Q

True or false: acute and chronic inflammation cannot coexist at same organ

A

False. In peptic ulcer of the duodenum, this is what happens.

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22
Q

Enumerate common causes of chronic inflammation

A

Persistent infection
Autoimmunity
Prolonged exposure to toxic substance

23
Q

Hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

Tissue injury

24
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

25
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Restoration of connective tissue

26
Q

False about activated macrophage
A)non-immune activation
B)has only repair
C)Products of activated macrophages serve to eliminate injurious agents) to initiate the process of repair D)Responsible for tissue injury

A

B)has only repair

Its release of toxic substances can also cause injury

27
Q

All are means to accumulate macrophages in tissues except
A.Recruitment of monocytes from the circulation
B.Local proliferation of macrophage after their emigration from the bloodstream
C.Mobilization of macrophages in the site of inflammation
D.release of cytokines and oxidized lipids

A

C.

Immobilization dapat.

28
Q

Identify
a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by focal accumulation of activated macrophages and which often develop an epithelioid appearance

A

Granulomatous inflammation

29
Q 
The ff are diseases with granulomatous inflammation except
A.sarcoidosis
B.leprosy
C.sepsis
D.lymphogranuloma inguinale
A

C.sepsis

Syphilis dapat

30
Q

What kind of giant type cell is present in tuberculosis?

A

Langhans type giant cell

31
Q

Diff of Foreign Body Granuloma from Immune Granuloma

A

Foreign Body Granuloma : no CMI

Immune Granuloma : with CMI

32
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

inflammation of the lymphatic spaces

33
Q

False about acute phase proteins

(1) plasma proteins which are synthesized in the spleen
(2) e.g. C-Reactive Proteins, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A protein
(3) act as opsonins and fix complement (4) help clear necrotic cell nuclei
(5) synthesis of hepatocytes (liver cells)

A

(1)plasma proteins which are synthesized in spleen

Liver dapat.

34
Q

if C-reactive protein is increased in number, indicates an inflammation but not its location

True or false?

A

True

35
Q

Identify

Accelerated release of cells from the bone marrow postmitotic reserve pool –>rise in the number of immature neutrophils

A

Leukemoid reaction

36
Q

False about sepsis

(1) Severe bacterial infections
(2) Low levels of TNF and IL-1 causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
3) Causes liver injury and impaired liver function

A

(2) Low levels of TNF and IL-1 causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

High dapat

37
Q

Tissue repair requires presence of ___

A

Basement membrane

38
Q

(1) continue to proliferate throughout life
(2) replace cells that are continuously being destroyed
(3) follow the cell cycle from one mitosis to the next
(4) e.g. cells in Epidermis, GI tract epithelium

Identify

A

Labile cells

39
Q

(1) low level of replication
(2) undergo rapid division in response to stimuli –> capable of reconstituting tissue of origin
(3) e.g. cells in Liver and Kidney, Fibroblasts, Smooth Muscle, Endothelial Cells

Identify

A

Quiescent/ Stable Cell

40
Q

(1) cannot undergo mitotic division in postnatal life
(2) have left the cell cycle
(3) e.g. Neurons, Skeletal & Cardiac Muscle cells

Identify

A

Permanent cells

41
Q
A

Transforming growth factor - Beta

42
Q

Elastin consists of..

A

consist of a central core surrounded by a peripheral microfibrillar network

43
Q

What is fibrillin?

A

microfibrils that serve as a scaffolding for deposition of elastin and the assembly of elastic fibers

44
Q

a. attach cells to a variety of matrices b. associated with cell surfaces, basement membranes and pericellular matrices
c. directly involved in attachment, spreading and migration of cells
Identify

A

Fibronectin

45
Q

most abundant glycoprotein in basement membranes
And
causes alignment of the endothelial cells & subsequent capillary formation

Identify

A

Laminin

46
Q

major family of cell surface receptors that mediate cellular attachment to extracellular matrix

Identify

A

Integrins

47
Q

a. consist of core protein linked to one or more polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans
b. most common: heparan sulfate, chrondoitin sulfate, dermatan sulphate c. has a role in regulating connective tissue structure & permeability

Identify

A

Proteoglycan

48
Q

a. consists of many repeats of a simple disaccharide stretched end to end
b. binds a large amount of water forming a viscous gel which gives connective tissue turgor and the ability to resist compressive forces; resilience, lubricating feature

Identify

A

Hyaluronan

49
Q

extracellular matrix deposition in tissues incapable of regeneration

Identify

A

Scar formation

50
Q

extracellular matrix deposition in setting of concurrent tissue damage and repair

Identify

A

Fibrosis

51
Q

Also known as “hallmark of healing”

A

Granulation tissue

52
Q

Diff bet vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

A

Vasculogenesis - during embryonic development

Angiogenesis (or Neovascularization) - vessel formation in adult tissues

53
Q

What type of healing is this?

(1) primary union
(2) healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical suture
(3) line of closure fills with clotted blood
(4) minimal cell death & minimal basement membrane disruption
(5) The repair consists of three connected processes: inflammation, proliferation of epithelial and other cells, and maturation of the connective tissue scar

A

Healing by First Intention

54
Q

What type of healing is this?

(1) more extensive loss of cell & tissue (2) wounds with separated edges
(3) inflammation is more intense
(4) much larger amount of granulation tissue are formed
(5) wound contraction

A

Healing by Second Intention

55
Q

Wound healing provides skin with strength plateauing to ___

A

70-80%

PH 122 (17 decks)

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