Inflammation & Repair Flashcards
Acute inflammation is part of adaptive immunity, true or false?
False. Innate dapat.
Identify
inflammatory exudates rich in leukocytes, debris of dead cells, and microbes
Pus
Enumerate the three major components of acute inflammation.
Alterations in vascular caliber
Structural changes in microvasculature
Emigration of leukocytes
Hallmark of acute inflammation
Increased vascular permeability
- Gaps due to endothelial contraction
- Direct injury (toxins, burns, chemicals)
- Leukocyte-dependent injury (toxic oxygen species and proteolytic enzymes)
- Increased transcytosis (vascular endothelium-derived growth factor) 5.New blood vessel formation – still includes vasodilation
All these are signs ot increased vasc perm in what type of inflammation?
Acute
What is chemotaxis?
process of leukocyte migration towards site of injury along a chemical gradient
Which is not endogenous attractant of chemotaxis?
A)Components of complement system (C5a)
B)Products of lipoxygenase pathway (leukotriene B4)
C)Cytokines
D)bacterial products
D)bacterial products
^ exogenous
These WBCs mainly mediate acute inflammation. Identify!
Neutrophils
False about histamine
a. Richest source: platelets
b. Principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability
c. May be triggered by neuropeptides, IL-1 and IL-8
D. Also found in basophils and platelets
a. Richest source: platelets
Mast cells dapat
A. Leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation – C5b
B. Phagocytosis – C3b
C.Cell lysis by membrane attack complex (MAC)
Which is mismatched?
A. Leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation – C5b
C5a dapat
False about serotonin
A.Platelets and enterochromaffin cells B.Function as neurotransmitter in the GI tract and as vasodilator
C.both are false
B.Function as neurotransmitter in the GI tract and as vasodilator
Vasoconstrictor dapat
Activation of Kinin system –> release of ___, which increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, and vasodilation
Bradykinin
a. Resultant factor XIIa-driven proteolytic cascade causes ___
activation
b. ___ cleaves soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin clot
Thrombin
Factor XII is also known as __
Activated Hageman factor
Cyclooxygenase synthesized prostagladin and thromboxane. What is the main difference?
Prostaglandin-vasodilator
Thromboxane-vasoconstrictor
Lipooxygenase synthesizes leukotrienes and lipoxins. What is the diff bet them?
Lipoxins - inhibit neutrophil recruitment
Leukotrienes:stimulate neutrophil recruitment
These two cytokines result in ACUTE PHASE REACTIONS
Tumor necrosis factor
Interleukin-1
Identify
outpouring of thin fluid derived from either plasma or secretions of mesothelial cells (effusion)
Serous inflammation
Identify
(1) Occurs in more severe injuries and greater vascular permeability (fibrinogen pass the vascular barrier) (2) Fibrin appears as an eosinophilic meshwork of threads
(3) Resolution or scarring (ingrowth of fibroblasts and blood vessels)
Fibrinous inflammation
Identify
Production of large amount of pus or purulent exudates consists of neutrophils, necrotic cells and edema fluid
Purulent inflammation
Identify:Local defect of excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the shedding of inflammatory necrotic tissue
Ulcer
True or false: acute and chronic inflammation cannot coexist at same organ
False. In peptic ulcer of the duodenum, this is what happens.
Enumerate common causes of chronic inflammation
Persistent infection
Autoimmunity
Prolonged exposure to toxic substance
Hallmark of chronic inflammation
Tissue injury
What is angiogenesis?
Formation of new blood vessels
What is fibrosis?
Restoration of connective tissue
False about activated macrophage
A)non-immune activation
B)has only repair
C)Products of activated macrophages serve to eliminate injurious agents) to initiate the process of repair D)Responsible for tissue injury
B)has only repair
Its release of toxic substances can also cause injury
All are means to accumulate macrophages in tissues except
A.Recruitment of monocytes from the circulation
B.Local proliferation of macrophage after their emigration from the bloodstream
C.Mobilization of macrophages in the site of inflammation
D.release of cytokines and oxidized lipids
C.
Immobilization dapat.
Identify
a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by focal accumulation of activated macrophages and which often develop an epithelioid appearance
Granulomatous inflammation
The ff are diseases with granulomatous inflammation except A.sarcoidosis B.leprosy C.sepsis D.lymphogranuloma inguinale
C.sepsis
Syphilis dapat
What kind of giant type cell is present in tuberculosis?
Langhans type giant cell
Diff of Foreign Body Granuloma from Immune Granuloma
Foreign Body Granuloma : no CMI
Immune Granuloma : with CMI
What is lymphadenitis?
inflammation of the lymphatic spaces
False about acute phase proteins
(1) plasma proteins which are synthesized in the spleen
(2) e.g. C-Reactive Proteins, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A protein
(3) act as opsonins and fix complement (4) help clear necrotic cell nuclei
(5) synthesis of hepatocytes (liver cells)
(1)plasma proteins which are synthesized in spleen
Liver dapat.
if C-reactive protein is increased in number, indicates an inflammation but not its location
True or false?
True
Identify
Accelerated release of cells from the bone marrow postmitotic reserve pool –>rise in the number of immature neutrophils
Leukemoid reaction
False about sepsis
(1) Severe bacterial infections
(2) Low levels of TNF and IL-1 causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
3) Causes liver injury and impaired liver function
(2) Low levels of TNF and IL-1 causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
High dapat
Tissue repair requires presence of ___
Basement membrane
(1) continue to proliferate throughout life
(2) replace cells that are continuously being destroyed
(3) follow the cell cycle from one mitosis to the next
(4) e.g. cells in Epidermis, GI tract epithelium
Identify
Labile cells
(1) low level of replication
(2) undergo rapid division in response to stimuli –> capable of reconstituting tissue of origin
(3) e.g. cells in Liver and Kidney, Fibroblasts, Smooth Muscle, Endothelial Cells
Identify
Quiescent/ Stable Cell
(1) cannot undergo mitotic division in postnatal life
(2) have left the cell cycle
(3) e.g. Neurons, Skeletal & Cardiac Muscle cells
Identify
Permanent cells
Transforming growth factor - Beta
Elastin consists of..
consist of a central core surrounded by a peripheral microfibrillar network
What is fibrillin?
microfibrils that serve as a scaffolding for deposition of elastin and the assembly of elastic fibers
a. attach cells to a variety of matrices b. associated with cell surfaces, basement membranes and pericellular matrices
c. directly involved in attachment, spreading and migration of cells
Identify
Fibronectin
most abundant glycoprotein in basement membranes
And
causes alignment of the endothelial cells & subsequent capillary formation
Identify
Laminin
major family of cell surface receptors that mediate cellular attachment to extracellular matrix
Identify
Integrins
a. consist of core protein linked to one or more polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans
b. most common: heparan sulfate, chrondoitin sulfate, dermatan sulphate c. has a role in regulating connective tissue structure & permeability
Identify
Proteoglycan
a. consists of many repeats of a simple disaccharide stretched end to end
b. binds a large amount of water forming a viscous gel which gives connective tissue turgor and the ability to resist compressive forces; resilience, lubricating feature
Identify
Hyaluronan
extracellular matrix deposition in tissues incapable of regeneration
Identify
Scar formation
extracellular matrix deposition in setting of concurrent tissue damage and repair
Identify
Fibrosis
Also known as “hallmark of healing”
Granulation tissue
Diff bet vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
Vasculogenesis - during embryonic development
Angiogenesis (or Neovascularization) - vessel formation in adult tissues
What type of healing is this?
(1) primary union
(2) healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical suture
(3) line of closure fills with clotted blood
(4) minimal cell death & minimal basement membrane disruption
(5) The repair consists of three connected processes: inflammation, proliferation of epithelial and other cells, and maturation of the connective tissue scar
Healing by First Intention
What type of healing is this?
(1) more extensive loss of cell & tissue (2) wounds with separated edges
(3) inflammation is more intense
(4) much larger amount of granulation tissue are formed
(5) wound contraction
Healing by Second Intention
Wound healing provides skin with strength plateauing to ___
70-80%
