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AP World SHEs > Imperialism In The 1800s > Flashcards

Imperialism In The 1800s Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between the locations of the first vs the second wave of conquests?

A

The first wave occurred in Western hemisphere (Americas) while the seconds wave occurred in Afro-Eurasia

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2
Q

What are the differences between major imperialists between the first vs & second wave of conquests?

A

The First-Wave was led by France, England, Spain, Portugal, & Netherlands while in the Second-Wave England, France, & Netherlands were still big colonizers with the addition of Germany, the US, Italy, Belgium, and Japan. Spain & Portugal only played a minor role in the Second-Wave.

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3
Q

What are the differences between the way colonies were ruled between the first & the second wave of conquests?

A

In the First-Wave colonies were directly ruled by the “parent country” with formal government structures while in the Second-Wave colonies were ruled indirectly through local rulers & economic control

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4
Q

What were 8 European motives for colonization from 1750-1900s?

A
  • European Racism
  • Humanitarian Reasons
  • Social and economic opportunities
  • European nationalism
  • Missionary Activitiy
  • Millitary & Naval bases
  • Places to dump unwanted excess population
  • Source for Raw Materials
  • Markets for finished goods
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5
Q

What were technological innovations from the Industrial Revolution that facilitated the Second-Wave of European colonization by allowing Europeans to go to new places?

A
  • Railroads
  • Steamships (Suez Canal) connecting Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean
  • Quinine (anti-malaria drug) useful in the tropics
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6
Q

What were technological innovations from the Industrial Revolution that facilitated the Second-Wave of European colonization by allowing Europeans to conquer easier?

A
  • Repeating rifles & machine guns
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7
Q

What was a technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution that facilitated the Second-Wave of European colonization by enabling near instaneous communication?

A
  • Trans-oceanic telegraph cable
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8
Q

What did Europeans see Asians and Africans as which was a change from the past?

A

Culturally Inferior

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9
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of Chinese people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

They went from being respected academics & merchants to being weak, deceptive, & “yellow” threats to society

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10
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of African people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

African people went from being seen as kings & nations to “tribes and huts”

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11
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of American native people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

They went from being seen as fur traders & guides to “savages”

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12
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of Pacific Islander people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

They became to be seen as “children”

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13
Q

What is Darwinism?

A
  • Theory of Evolution
  • Natural Selection
  • Species that are adapted to survive will survive at the expense of species that aren’t
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14
Q

What is Social Darwinism?

A
  • Applies Darwin’s theories to countries, races. & human society
  • The nations that “survive” are the ones who dominate others
  • Wars, conquest, & making strong empires are seen as “natural selection”
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15
Q

What is the “White Man’s Burden”?

A
  • European white men (superior race, religion, culture) have the obligation (the burden) of “civilizing” the non-white, non-Christian, and non-European world
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16
Q

What was the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

A

Europeans decided how to split up Africa and no Africans were present

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17
Q

How was Africa Colonized from 1750-1900?

A
  • Scramble for Africa occurred rapidly
  • Some areas signed agreements (willingly or coerced) with Europeans that turned them into “protectorates” like Buganda
  • Some areas fought against European encroachment like South Africa
  • Some states remained independent like Ethiopia who defeated the Italians
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18
Q

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A

A British businessmen and colonial minister of Rhodesia and South Africa. Inspired the creation of “The Colossus Rhodes”

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19
Q

Which country colonized India in the second-wave of imperialism & how were they controlled?

A

Britain & they were ruled by the British East India Company and were ruled indirectly at first

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20
Q

Which country colonized the Spice Islands (Indonesia) in the second-wave of imperialism how were they controlled?

A

The Dutch & they were initially ruled indirectly through the Dutch East India Company at first

21
Q

What places did Japan colonize in the second-wave of imperialism in the 1750s - 1900s?

A

Taiwan & Korea (emulating Europeans)

22
Q

What colonies did the US have in the 1750s - 1900s and how did they gain control of that region?

A

The Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War in 1898

23
Q

What places did France colonize in the second-wave of imperialism in the 1750s - 1900s?

A

Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia) & Algeria

24
Q

How did Siam (Thailand) remain independent from 1750-1900 despite Asian imperialism of all of its neighbors?

A

Through diplomacy

25
What was life under the Westerners like for Asian colonies from the 18th-20th century in general?
- Generally associated with hardships & atrocities especially when violence was involved (rebellions & uprisings) - Race was a defining feature - Western-style education was offered to some; Christianity to all - New identities of “tribe” & “clan” were created - More people involved in cash-crop plantation & resource extraction to Europe - Statute Labor - Internal Migrations as Africans moved to work land owned by Europeans
26
What was Apartheid?
An example of legal racial segregation forced upon South Africans
27
Who did Europeans rely on to implement policies and did they benefit?
Local Rulers and they benefitted
28
What’s an example of a political problem created by Europeans for their colonial subjects?
The Hotus & Tutis War in Rwanda (1994)
29
What was Statute Labor?
A system of unpaid labor of state building within colonies in the 1750s-1900s such as railroads and canals, etc
30
What are specific examples of places Africans moved to work land owned by Europeans from 1750-1900?
- Farms - Mines - Colonial Cities
31
What religious change was enforced by British rulers in the 1750s-1900s compared to the Mughal Empire?
The British enforced rigid Hindu distinctions of Caste which clearly divided Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs
32
What was the Cultivation System & were was it enforced?
A system that required peasants to use 20%+ of their land for cash-crops
33
What were the effects of the Cultivation System in Indonesia?
- Enriched Dutch & local authorities - Led to food shortages & starvation in some cases & led to environmental degradation
34
How were African colonial women & men affected by European colonial rule from 1750-1900?
- Men took over cash-crop production - Women left to work in subsitence farms nearly alone where their workload increased while their wealth did not - Men migrated to cities while women remained on traditional farm - Some women gained social & economic independence from their husbands
35
What did King Leopold II of Belgium force upon his people in the Belgian Congo in the 19th century & what did it lead to?
King Leopold II of Belgium imposed the forced labor of harvesting rubber and as a result not enough people were working on subsistence agriculture which led to widespread starvation & atrocities when quotas weren’t met
36
What are some ways that colonial people adopted Western Ideas from 1750-1900?
- Some colonial peoples attained a Western education - Some adopt European language, clothing, and ideas of race & gender - Christianity did not widely spread in Asian colonies, but was very profound in non-Muslim sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania - Christianity gets “syncretized” with native Africans and Oceanic beliefs
37
What’s an example of colonial person who attained a Western-style education?
Gandhi who studied in London, worked as a lawyer in India, worked as a lawyer in South Africa, and then returned to India to work for independence.
38
How did colonization occur in Pacific Oceania?
- Pattern similar to conquests of Americas - Native population was very susceptible to disease & starvation (75%+ mortality) - Became “neo-European” settler colonies like Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii - Indentured Servitude to compensate for the loss of native population
39
Which 2 states continued contiguous territorial expansion during the 1800s?
- The United States across the West - Russia across Siberia
40
What ways did Europeans in the US attempt to assimilate indigenous Americans?
- Forced them to speak English & practice Christianity - “Kill the Indians but save the man”
41
what migration occurred as a result of the abolition of slavery?
Indian laborers on British plantations & mines in the Caribbean & Africa to make up for loss of slaves
42
Where did Indian laborers migrate to in the late 19th & early 20th century?
British plantations & mines in the Caribbean & Africa
43
Where did Chinese laborers migrate to in the late 19th & early 20th century & what did they do there?
Southeast Asia, Pacific Oceania, and Africa growing sugar, rubber, coffee, tobacco, etc
44
What policies were put in place by the US, Australia, Canada, & New Zealand after filling their desired labor as a response to Asian migrations?
Anti-Chinese Immigration policies
45
What prompted the creation of “Chinatowns” across the world?
Chinese laborer migrations
46
What are some examples of resistance to colonialism in the 19th and early 20th century?
- The Sepoy Rebellion in India - The Wounded Knee Massacre in the US - Maji Maji Uprising in Tanzania - Xhosa Cattle Killings in South Africa
47
How did indirect rule work in the 19th and 20th century?
- Rulers in Africa & Asia collaborated with colonizing powers - These rulers “technically” were still in charge but they implemented these policies of the “parent” country
48
What were the benefits of Indirect Rule for Asian and African leaders during the 19th & 20th century?
- They still kept their wealth & power - But had an opportunity to gain a “Western Education”

AP World SHEs (19 decks)

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