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AP World SHEs > Communism In The USSR & China > Flashcards

Communism In The USSR & China Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

Who developed revolutionary socialism?

A

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

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2
Q

What is the model of a communist revolution?

A
  1. Oppressed & poor workers seize control of private property and kill/exile the rich
  2. The workers organize a government dictatorship which owns all property and which organizes economic activity
  3. Society’s wealth and production is redistributed equally to all to create prefect egalitarian society
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3
Q

What did communists view their movement as?

A

The end of history since they would eliminate class

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4
Q

What did communists view opponents of communists as?

A

People simply “in the way” of ensuring an egalitarian society

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5
Q

What are some positive aspects of communism?

A
  • All are equal despite race, gender, and class
    All are guaranteed education, healthcare, housing, and employment
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6
Q

What are some negative aspects of communism?

A
  • Opposed to anything seen as “traditional” or “backwards” such as organized religion, superstition, and elites/nobility
  • Anti-nationalist
  • Anti-democratic since it was too slow and gave the old regime a voice
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7
Q

What was Russia before 1917 & the Bolshevik Revolution?

A
  • Strong czar (Nicholas II) with few/no democratic institutions
  • Industrializing rapidly
  • Orthodox Christianity was dominant
  • Multiethnic empire
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8
Q

Who did Russia ally with in WW1?

A

France & Britain against the Germans

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9
Q

Why was Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate the thrown in February of 1917?

A
  • Due to popular protests
  • Loses in war
  • Extreme poverty
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10
Q

Who and when killed Czar Nicholas II?

A

The Bolsheviks in 1918

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11
Q

Who led the Bolshevik Party?

A

Vladimir Lenin

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12
Q

Where did the Bolsheviks claim to have authority from?

A

The workers’ council called “soviets”

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13
Q

How and when does Russia leave WW1?

A

By withdrawing and negotiating a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1918

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14
Q

What happens in the Civil War in Russia from 1918-1921?

A

Bolsheviks (communists/reds) emerge victorious against the old czarist regime (whites)

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15
Q

What was the result of the Civil War in Russia from 1918-1921?

A

Led to the creation of the USSR

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16
Q

How did the USSR create a communist state?

A
  • Land Redistribution
  • Rapid Industrialization
  • Massive environmental degradation
  • Central economic planning - 5-year plans
  • The Communist Party took all the power - no democracy
  • Imposed restrictions on free speech, press , religion
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17
Q

What was land redistribution like in the Soviet Union?

A
  • The communist government seized land from nobility & collectivized agriculture
  • Peasants worked on communal farms
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18
Q

What horrific event occurred as a result of land redistribution in the USSR & and unfortunate drought?

A
  • Soviet Famine of 1931-1933 in which 7 million people died to starvation
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19
Q

What type of rapid industrialization occurred in the Soviet Union?

A

Industrialization with an emphasis on heavy industry and military production

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20
Q

Who succeeded Lenin following his death in 1924?

A

Joseph Stalin

21
Q

What were the Great Purges/The Terror (1930s)

A

Suspected “enemies of the revolution” were executed or sentenced to gulags
- Estimated 1 million died

22
Q

What were gulags?

A

Siberian labor camps

23
Q

What type of people were swept up in the Great Purges?

A
  • Many innocent Russians and prominent communist leaders
24
Q

How did Communism expand into Eastern Europe?

A
  • Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe after WW2
  • Stalin imposed communist governments to create a “buffer zone” between USSR & Europe
25
Q

Which countries did the Soviet Union impose communist governments in?

A
  • Poland
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Romania
  • Hungary
  • Bulgaria
  • East Germany
26
Q

What’s an example of an Eastern Europe country that had a communist revolution without USSR support?

A

Yugoslavia

27
Q

When did the Qing Dynasty collapse?

A

1911

28
Q

What was China like before communism?

A
  • China under foreign “Spheres of Influence”
  • While technically a republic there was a lot of instability due to competition between warlords & various groups
  • Two main rival groups
29
Q

What were the two main rival groups in China before communism was imposed?

A
  • Chinese nationalists (Guomindang)(GMD) led by Chiang Kai-Shek
  • Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong
30
Q

What was Guomindang (GMD) like compared to the CCP?

A
  • Supported development in cities but not in countryside
  • Seen as exploitative by peasants
  • Gained a reputation of corrupt
  • Were not as effective at resisting Japanese invaders in WW2
31
Q

What was the Chinese Communist Party like compared to the GMD?

A
  • Driven out of cities, and gained support of rural peasants and women
  • Effective at resisting the Japanese during WW2
  • Gained a reputation as honest
  • Opposed foreign imperialists
32
Q

When was the Chinese Civil War?

A

1920s - 1930s off on and on conflict

33
Q

What caused a temporary truce as both the CCP & GMD fight Japanese invaders in 1937?

A

The Japanese invasion of China

34
Q

When did the Chinese Civil War resume?

A

In 1945 after Japan is defeated in WW2

35
Q

Who won the Chinese Civil War in 1949?

A

The CCP wins and Mao declares the creation of the People’s Republic of China

36
Q

Where did Chaing Kai-Shek and the GMD flee to after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War & what did they do there?

A

They fled to Taiwan and created the Republic of China

37
Q

How did China create a communist state?

A
  • Many similarities to the USSR
  • Land reform and collectivization of agriculture
  • Intense industrialization
  • State control of property
  • Centrally-planned economy (5-year plans)
  • Environmental Degradation
  • CCP only accepted authority
  • Repression of rights
38
Q

What was the “Great Leap Forward” (1958-1962)?

A
  • Mao’s attempt to fully industrialize the countryside
  • Emphasized small industry in rural settings versus large industry in cities
39
Q

What was the result of the “Great Leap Forward”?

A
  • Millions of Chinese peasants switch from farming to “backward steel furnaces”
  • Crops unplanted & unharvested
  • Combined with weather led to the Great Chinese Famine
  • Mao became discredited in the CCP
40
Q

What was the Great Chinese Famine

A
  • A mass starvation caused by “backyard steel furnaces” and weather
  • 25-55 millions died
41
Q

When was the Chinese “Cultural Revolution”?

A

1966-1976

42
Q

What was the Chinese “Cultural Revolution”?

A
  • Mao’s attempt to drive out suspected capitalists and counter-revolutionaries from the CCP itself and to restore his image
  • Similar to “Stalin’s Purges”
  • Encouraged youth to carry on the spirit of the revolution by weeding out corrupt officials
  • Groups of “Red Guards” went from village to village, sending counter-revolutionaries to re-education camps
  • Groups of “Red Guards” began fighting with one another, and Mao had to call military to prevent civil war
43
Q

How many people died in the Chinese “Cultural Revolution”?

A

3-10 million

44
Q

What were Red Guards?

A

Groups of people that went village to village, sending suspected counter-revolutionaries to re-education camps

45
Q

How did communism affect womens’ rights?

A
  • Communists in both USSR & China advocated for women’s rights
46
Q

How did communists in both USSR & China advocate for women’s rights?

A
  • Full legal & political equality
  • Marriage is secularized & no longer arranged
  • Equality in divorce
  • Wives no longer required to assume husband’s surname
  • Widows allowed to remarry
  • Mandatory paid maternity leave
  • Worked on farms & factories alongside men for equal pay
  • Access to free contraceptives & abortion
  • Women soldiers
47
Q

What was Zhenotdel?

A

-The women’s department in USSR that advocated for women’s rights & educated women on women laws
- Advocated for “de-veiling” Muslim women in Central Asia

48
Q

When and why was Zhenotdel abolished?

A

By Stalin in 1930 since he believed women’s issues have been solved

49
Q

What was the All-China Women’s Federation?

A

A branch of the CCP that was similar to modern-day non-government organization that advocated for women’s rights

AP World SHEs (19 decks)

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