European Overseas Empires

Question 1

What was the motivation behind European exploration & colonization?

Answer 1

1. Desire for wealth & luxury goods
2. Competition with other European States
3. Desire to spread Christianity

Question 2

What are some examples of Cash Crops?

Answer 2

Sugarcane, coffee, cotton, & tobacco

Question 3

What did the Portuguese rely on in the Indian Ocean since they did not have goods to trade?

Answer 3

Piracy, established fortified bases to control sea lanes. This was known as the Cartaz System

Question 4

How did the Portuguese control their territory?

Answer 4

They had a lot of ships known as caravels. These caravels had cannons & were used to threaten trade.

Question 5

Who conquered the Phillipines?

Answer 5

Spain who was the first strong competition to Portugal in the Indian Ocean Trade Network

Question 6

How were the Phillipines ruled before the Spanish rule?

Answer 6

The islands were ruled as chiefdoms

Question 7

How were the Phillipines ruled during Spanish control?

Answer 7

The Spanish had large feudal estates, used forced labor. There was more patriarchy under Spanish rule as they lost their traditional status as healers.

Question 8

What was Manila?

Answer 8

The cosmopolitan center of trade consisting of Chinese, Spanish, and Filipinos.

Question 9

Which countries overtook Portugal in the IOTN c. 1600?

Answer 9

England and the Netherlands

Question 10

What are State-Chartered Joint-Stock Companies

Answer 10

Many private investors share the risk of trans-oceanic voyages.

Question 11

What power did State-Chartered Joint-Stock Companies have?

Answer 11

The ability to trade, make war, & govern

Question 12

Where did the Dutch East India Company dominate?

Answer 12

The “Spice Islands” (Indonesia) and spice trade

Question 13

Where did the English set up most of their trading posts and why?

Answer 13

In India, to get cotton and pepper

Question 14

Who conquered the Aztec and Inca states?

Answer 14

Spain

Question 15

Who colonized Brazil?

Answer 15

Portugal

Question 16

Which countries had colonies in North America?

Answer 16

The British and the French

Question 17

What was the “Great Dying”?

Answer 17

A term used to define the demographic collapse of indigenous societies in the Americas

Question 18

Why did indigenous societies collapse in the Americas?

Answer 18

Diseases, warfare, slavery, and genocide

Question 19

What was the “Colombian Exchange”?

Answer 19

A term used to define the mass transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas?

Question 20

Who benefitted and who was depleted from the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 20

The Americas were devastated and Afro-Eurasia benefitted

Question 21

What are some examples of goods that were traded from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia?

Answer 21

Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, tobacco, & cocoa

Question 22

What are some examples of goods that were traded from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas?

Answer 22

Rice, coffee, sugarcane, cattle, pigs, & smallpox

Question 23

What is Mercantallism?

Answer 23

A closed economic system in which a colony provides raw materials for its “mother country” and can only purchase manufactured goods from the same “mother country”.

Question 24

What were some colonial differences between Iberian colonies and British colonies concerning religion?

Answer 24

Iberian colonies were Catholic and had a strong connection between church and state. English colonies were Protestant and there was an increased separation between church and state

Question 25

Which colonies extended feudal European society Direct Control?

Answer 25

Iberian Colonies

Question 26

How were English colonies governed?

Answer 26

Indirect control and lots of self-government

Question 27

How did the amount of women from the mother country compare between Iberian and English colonies?

Answer 27

There were few Spanish/Portuguese in Iberian colonies which led to many mixed races whereas in English colonies there were lots of English Women.

Question 28

What are the agricultural difference between Iberian and English colonies?

Answer 28

Iberian had large-scale cash-crop plantations such as sugar whereas English colonies were small-scale subsistence agriculture & cash crop plantations such as tobacco.

Question 29

What was Spanish & Portuguese slavery like?

Answer 29

There were Africans on sugar plantations, natives in Spanish mines, high mortality rates, new Africans imported on sugar-plantations annually. Consisted of 90-95% of all African slaves in the Americas

Question 30

What was English slavery like?

Answer 30

Africans on cotton & tobacco plantations. Imported Africans & perpetuated slave populations. “One Drop Rule” and made up 5-10% of all African slaves in the Americas

Question 31

What was the name of the Spanish/Portuguese Racial Hierarchies system?

Answer 31

The Casta System

Question 32

What are the main divisions of the Casta System?

Answer 32

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattos, and Maroons

Question 33

What are the English racial hierarchies?

Answer 33

Whites, Blacks, Reds

Question 34

What was the “One Drop” Rule?

Answer 34

Classified any mixed race person as either “black” or “red”. Not “Pure White”

Question 35

What are Spanish/Portuguese systems of forced labor?

Answer 35

Encomienda, Repartimiento, & Hacienda

Question 36

What were econmienda, repartimiento, and hacienda systems like?

Answer 36

Sort of like feudalism. The Iberians would give an “estate” (plantation etc) in the Americas to a noblemen. Natives who lived there were forced to work for them and faced brutal conditions

Question 37

What was Potosí?

Answer 37

The biggest city in America and was nicknamed the “Mountain of Silver”

Question 38

Why did Spanish/Europeans want silver

Answer 38

To get more luxury Asian goods

Question 39

Why did the Chinese merchants want silver?

Answer 39

To pay their taxes since the Ming Dynasty required all taxes to be paid in silver

Question 40

What was the “Silver Drain” to Asia?

Answer 40

Nearly all of the silver that came into Europe wound up in China eventually through European middlemen

Question 41

What was the result of the influx of silver into Spain?

Answer 41

- Spain was the wealthiest and most powerful states in the 1500s - Inflation rises in Europe due to so much silver

Question 42

What was the “Piece of Eight”?

Answer 42

A silver Spanish coin and became the de facto currency by sorts

Question 43

Why was there an increased demand for furs in the 1400s-1700s?

Answer 43

The “Little Ice Age”, a period of global cooling

Question 44

What was the Furs “World Hunt”

Answer 44

European competition for furs in N. America between the Dutch, French, and British

Question 45

What did Europeans trade to Native Americans for fur?

Answer 45

Manufactured goods such as metal tools & weapons, and alcohol

Question 46

What did the fur trade lead to?

Answer 46

The depletion of fur-bearing animals in the Americas, spread of more European diseases, and the loss of many native-crafts.

Question 47

What were the overall trade changes in Afro-Eurasia from 1450-1750?

Answer 47

European powers became part of the system.

Question 48

What were the overall trade continuities in Afro-Eurasia from 1459-1750?

Answer 48

The Chinese, Arabs, and Indians continued to dominate. European still desired Asian goods more than Asians desired European goods.

Question 49

What were the trade changes in the Americas from 1450-1750?

Answer 49

Europeans take over what was once connections between Native American societies thanks to the use of slave labor