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AP World SHEs > Asia In The Age Of Imperialism > Flashcards

Asia In The Age Of Imperialism Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

What’s the context of the Ottoman Empire in the 1750s-1900?

A
  • A multiethnic Muslim state since 1453 that was dominated by the Turks
  • Referred to as the “Strong Sword of Islam” : the caliphate protecting the Muslim world
  • Gradually loses territory in the 1800s
  • Ottoman Empire economy is hurt by importing cheap-industry made products
  • Called the “Sick Man of Europe” by 1900
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2
Q

What were some of the early reforms of the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839?

A
  • Tanzimat - “Reorganization”
  • “Westernization” of the Ottoman Empire
  • New industry, railroads, telegraphs
  • Non-Muslims equal to Muslims by law
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3
Q

How successful was Tanzimat within the Ottoman Empire & why?

A
  • Only partially sucessful because it was opposed by conservative Sunni Muslim scholars (the Ulama) who didn’t want to be like the west
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4
Q

What was the Young Turks Reform Movement?

A
  • Occurred in early 1900s
  • Promoted “Secular Modernism”
  • Young Turks gain power in a coup (1908) and made reforms
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5
Q

What were some examples of reforms made by the Young Turks in the early 1900s?

A
  • Permitted free elections
  • Created secular courts, schools, and laws
  • Allowed women to were western clothing, not required to vail
  • Allowed women to attain higher education
  • Women can more easily attain a divorce
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6
Q

How did the Young Turks lead to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire?

A
  • The Young Turks were secular and abandon the role of “caliphate” and advocate for Turkish nationalism which antagonized non-Turks in the empire
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7
Q

What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WW1?

A
  • The Ottoman Empire disintegrated into modern-day Turkey along with other national states
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8
Q

What was the British East India Company?

A
  • A private “joint-stock” company
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9
Q

What was the purpose of the British East India Company?

A

To acquire luxury goods from Asia (tea, cotton, spices, pepper, etc)

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10
Q

What’s a private “joint-stock” company?

A

Investors made payments up front to fund long voyages; in return the Company gave them a portion of the profits

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11
Q

Where, when, and how did the British East India Company establish its first trading posts?

A

The British East India Company established its first posts in the Mughal Empire with the permission of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century

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12
Q

What are some examples of other East India Companies aside from the British East India Company?

A

The Dutch & French East India Company

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13
Q

Why did the Mughals invite the British East India Company to India?

A
  • Trade opportunities
  • The British East India Company was not run by the government, and it was believed unlikely to engage in conquest
  • The British East India Company did not attempt to covert the Indians to Christianity (unlike other European states)
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14
Q

What factors in the 18th century led to the decline of the Mughal Empire?

A
  • Invaded by Persia
  • Rebellions against Aurangzeb’s religious tolerance by Hindu princess
  • Growing power of the British East India Company
  • The British East India Company made alliances with smaller Hindu states in exchange for territory & trading rights
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15
Q

What are some changes in South Asia in the 18th & 19th century?

A
  • The Mughal Empire is weak & fractured
  • The British East India has acquired territory
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16
Q

What ethnicity were the soldiers recruited by the British East India Company & what religion did they practice?

A

The soldiers were Indian and practiced Hinduism, Islam, & Sikhism

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17
Q

What was the nickname of the soldiers recruited by the British East India Company?

A

Sepoys

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18
Q

What was a change in South Asia during the mid 19th century?

A
  • The British East India Company had formal or informal control over most of India
  • Sepoys - which were soldiers hired by the British East India Company
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19
Q

What are nicknames for the Sepoy Rebellion?

A
  • The Sepoy Mutiny
  • India’s First War of Independence
  • The India Rebellion
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20
Q

What was the cause of the Sepoy Rebellion?

A
  • Hindu & Muslim sepoys rebelled against British who gave them rifle cartridges coated in cow & pig grease which was relgiously offensive
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21
Q

What was the result of the Sepoy Rebellion?

A

The rebellion was crushed by British forces and sepoys who remained loyal to the British

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22
Q

What were the effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?

A
  • The British East India Company was “nationalized” & all property was taken over by the British government
  • India becomes a colony to the British
  • Marked the end of the Mughal Empire
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23
Q

What were changes in India as a result of the nationalization of the British East India Company?

A
  • Direct legal systems for Hindus (based on Vedas) and Muslims (based on Quran)
  • “Indirect Rule” where the British would implement policies through local Hindu princes
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24
Q

What were the factors that led to the weakening of the Qing Dynasty in the 18th century?

A
  • Qing Dynasty which was not seen as legitimate by many Chinese
  • Rapid population growth thanks to New World Crops
  • No industrialization
  • Imperial Central Government gradually losing power to local warlords & artistocrats
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25
Q

How was the Central Imperial Government gradually losing power to local warlords & aristocrats in the 18th & 19th century?

A
  • Increasing corruption
  • Frequent peasent uprisings
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26
Q

What are the 6 main details regarding the context and the beginning of China’s Century of Humiliation?

A
  • China had restricted trade with Europeans to a limited number of ports
  • 1793: The British request loosening of trade but the Chinese decline
  • British finally find a product the Chinese want in Opium grown in their colony of India
  • Opium is illegal in China so British merchants bribe Chinese officials in ports to allow Opium to be imported
  • Rising number of opium addicts & opium related problems
  • Silver drain OUT of China to pay for opium
27
Q

What was the spark of the Opium Wars?

A
  • China decided to crack down on illegal opium imports in 1836
  • Comissioner Lin Zexu arrested British merchants & smugglers & confiscated & destroyed opium & opium warehouses
28
Q

What did Commisioner Lin Zexu do that led to the British starting the Opium Wars?

A
  • Arrested British merchants & smugglers
  • Confiscated & destroyed opium & opium warehouses
29
Q

What were the results of the First Opium War (1839-1842)?

A
  • British (industrialized) easily defeat non-industrial China
  • Treaty of Nanjing (1842) - China is forced to open up more ports to European trade
  • First of many “unequal treaties”
30
Q

What was the result & effects of the Second Opium War (1856- 1858)?

A
  • Britain defeats the Chinese
  • More ports open up to foreigners
  • Christian missionaries can work unimpeded in China
31
Q

What were the results of France & Japan defeating China in war during the late 19th century?

A
  • Foreign powers carve out “Spheres of Influence” in China
  • Not technically colonized - Qing Dynasty in control in a weak & dependent state
32
Q

What were the “Spheres of Influence”?

A

-Carved out territories within China by Western powers where Chinese law does not apply & foreign military troops patrol Chinese territory
- Similar to a colony

33
Q

When was the Taiping Rebellion?

A

1850-1864

34
Q

What was the Taiping Rebellion opposed to?

A

All things Chinese such as:
- Confucianism
- Daoism
- Buddhism
- Patriarchy

35
Q

What did the Taiping Rebellion advocate for?

A
  • Industrialization
  • Equal Land redistribution
  • Equal status for men & women
36
Q

What was the result of the Taiping Rebellion?

A
  • Rebellion was eventually crushed in 1864
37
Q

Who crushed the Taiping Rebellion in 1864 & what did it show?

A
  • Local warlords & aristocrats not by the Qing governemnt
  • It showed the weakness of the imperial government
38
Q

What were the effects of the Taping Rebellion?

A
  • Chinese economy further weakened
  • 20-30 million dead
39
Q

What was the Self-Strengthening movement?

A
  • Effort to modernize China in 1860s & 1870s
  • Reinforcement of traditional Chinese values
  • Some limited borrowing from the West such as technology, science, & foreign language
40
Q

What was the result of the Self-Strengthening Movement & why?

A

Failed
- Conservative opposition from Chinese nobles & Confucian scholars
- Needed European money to fund industry; as a result, most industries in China were owned & controlled by Europeans

41
Q

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A
  • Named by Europeans for the martial arts used by rebels
  • A Chinese nationalist rebellion: opposed to anything and everything non- Chinese
42
Q

When was the Boxer Rebellion?

A

1898 - 1901

43
Q

How did Chinese nationalists rebel during the Boxer Rebellion from 1898 - 1901?

A
  • Killed Europeans & Christians
  • Took over foreign embassies in Beijing
44
Q

Who crushed the Boxer Rebellion?

A

European and Japanese forces when they occupied Beijing

45
Q

What were the results of the Boxer Rebellion?

A
  • Foreign powers imposed massive repatriation payments on China
  • Further demonstrated China’s weakness
46
Q

What factors led to the End of the Qing Dynasty?

A

Continued growth of Chinese nationalism
- Opposition to foreign influence as well as the Qing government
- Sought to create a unified China & solves China’s problems

47
Q

How did the Qing Empire end?

A

The last emperor abdicated in 1911

48
Q

What were changes after the end of the Qing Dynasty?

A
  • The end of the Chinese Confucian Examination System
  • New elected national parliment
  • Creation of a “Chinese Republic”- but still fractured between warlords & dependent on foreign investment
49
Q

Who was Sun Yat-Sen?

A

Pioneer of Chinese democracy

50
Q

What is the historical context of Japan prior to the arrival of Matthew Perry?

A
  • Under the Tokugawa Shogunate
  • Military rulers of Japan, along with a figurehead emperor
  • Noble classes (daimyo & samurai) maintain wealth, status, & power
  • Japanese Society was very urbanized, literate, and wealthy
  • Foreigners excluded from Japan except for a small Dutch trading post in Nagasaki
51
Q

What were the demands of US Commodore Perry’s during his arrival in Japan with industrial warships?

A
  • Demands the opening of Japan ports to trade, refueling rights, & better treatment for shipwrecked sailors
52
Q

How does Japan react to the demands of US Commodore Matthew Perry?

A
  • Tokugawa shogun acquiesces
  • This sparks a civil war between shoguns & anti-Western samurai who don’t want to see Japan become weak like China
  • 1868 Meiji Restoration
53
Q

When was the Meiji Restoration?

A

1868

54
Q

What was the Meiji Restoration?

A

Tokugawa Shogunate is overthrown and the government in charge claims to “restore” power to the Emperor Meiji

55
Q

What were the reforms in Japan during the Meiji Restoration?

A
  • Equality: no more nobles & commoners; all are equal Japanese
  • National unity through military service (for men) and central taxation
  • Public education for all (gender segregated)
  • Written constitution & elected Parliament
  • Shinto religion gains state support
  • Emphasis on learning from the West
56
Q

How did the elected Parliament during the Meiji Restoration in Japan work?

A
  • Parliament was subservient to the Emperor and military leaders
  • Women could not vote or join political parties
57
Q

Who was Fukuzawa Yukichi?

A

A Japanese scholar who promoted westernization

58
Q

What was Industry in Japan like?

A
  • Mondernization also included rapid state-funded industrialization known as Zaibatsu
  • Abuses of women & children in factories
  • Unions & strikes were illegal
59
Q

What are some examples of rapid industrialization in Japan?

A
  • Factories
  • Railroads
  • Telegraph lines
60
Q

What are some examples of military modernization in Japan during the industrialization of Japan?

A
  • Machine Guns
  • Warships
  • No more samurai
61
Q

How did Japan legitimize themselves as a Great Power during the late 19th & early 20th century?

A
  • Japan adopted Western ideas of “empire”
  • Japan wins wars against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905))
  • Japan acquires colonies of Korea & Taiwan and a “Sphere of Influence” in Manchuria
  • Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1902) declares Japan as a “Great Power”
62
Q

How did Japan rule its colonies during the 20th century?

A

As brutally as Europeans

63
Q

What’s an example of a way non-white countries challenged white emperors during the 19th & 20th century?

A

Japan’s industrialization & empire building

64
Q

What are mandates?

A

Colonies in the Middle East during the 20th century

AP World SHEs (19 decks)

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