Asia In The Age Of Imperialism Flashcards
1
Q
What’s the context of the Ottoman Empire in the 1750s-1900?
A
- A multiethnic Muslim state since 1453 that was dominated by the Turks
- Referred to as the “Strong Sword of Islam” : the caliphate protecting the Muslim world
- Gradually loses territory in the 1800s
- Ottoman Empire economy is hurt by importing cheap-industry made products
- Called the “Sick Man of Europe” by 1900
2
Q
What were some of the early reforms of the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839?
A
- Tanzimat - “Reorganization”
- “Westernization” of the Ottoman Empire
- New industry, railroads, telegraphs
- Non-Muslims equal to Muslims by law
3
Q
How successful was Tanzimat within the Ottoman Empire & why?
A
- Only partially sucessful because it was opposed by conservative Sunni Muslim scholars (the Ulama) who didn’t want to be like the west
4
Q
What was the Young Turks Reform Movement?
A
- Occurred in early 1900s
- Promoted “Secular Modernism”
- Young Turks gain power in a coup (1908) and made reforms
5
Q
What were some examples of reforms made by the Young Turks in the early 1900s?
A
- Permitted free elections
- Created secular courts, schools, and laws
- Allowed women to were western clothing, not required to vail
- Allowed women to attain higher education
- Women can more easily attain a divorce
6
Q
How did the Young Turks lead to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire?
A
- The Young Turks were secular and abandon the role of “caliphate” and advocate for Turkish nationalism which antagonized non-Turks in the empire
7
Q
What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WW1?
A
- The Ottoman Empire disintegrated into modern-day Turkey along with other national states
8
Q
What was the British East India Company?
A
- A private “joint-stock” company
9
Q
What was the purpose of the British East India Company?
A
To acquire luxury goods from Asia (tea, cotton, spices, pepper, etc)
10
Q
What’s a private “joint-stock” company?
A
Investors made payments up front to fund long voyages; in return the Company gave them a portion of the profits
11
Q
Where, when, and how did the British East India Company establish its first trading posts?
A
The British East India Company established its first posts in the Mughal Empire with the permission of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century
12
Q
What are some examples of other East India Companies aside from the British East India Company?
A
The Dutch & French East India Company
13
Q
Why did the Mughals invite the British East India Company to India?
A
- Trade opportunities
- The British East India Company was not run by the government, and it was believed unlikely to engage in conquest
- The British East India Company did not attempt to covert the Indians to Christianity (unlike other European states)
14
Q
What factors in the 18th century led to the decline of the Mughal Empire?
A
- Invaded by Persia
- Rebellions against Aurangzeb’s religious tolerance by Hindu princess
- Growing power of the British East India Company
- The British East India Company made alliances with smaller Hindu states in exchange for territory & trading rights
15
Q
What are some changes in South Asia in the 18th & 19th century?
A
- The Mughal Empire is weak & fractured
- The British East India has acquired territory
16
Q
What ethnicity were the soldiers recruited by the British East India Company & what religion did they practice?
A
The soldiers were Indian and practiced Hinduism, Islam, & Sikhism
17
Q
What was the nickname of the soldiers recruited by the British East India Company?
A
Sepoys
18
Q
What was a change in South Asia during the mid 19th century?
A
- The British East India Company had formal or informal control over most of India
- Sepoys - which were soldiers hired by the British East India Company
19
Q
What are nicknames for the Sepoy Rebellion?
A
- The Sepoy Mutiny
- India’s First War of Independence
- The India Rebellion
20
Q
What was the cause of the Sepoy Rebellion?
A
- Hindu & Muslim sepoys rebelled against British who gave them rifle cartridges coated in cow & pig grease which was relgiously offensive
21
Q
What was the result of the Sepoy Rebellion?
A
The rebellion was crushed by British forces and sepoys who remained loyal to the British
22
Q
What were the effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?
A
- The British East India Company was “nationalized” & all property was taken over by the British government
- India becomes a colony to the British
- Marked the end of the Mughal Empire
23
Q
What were changes in India as a result of the nationalization of the British East India Company?
A
- Direct legal systems for Hindus (based on Vedas) and Muslims (based on Quran)
- “Indirect Rule” where the British would implement policies through local Hindu princes
24
Q
What were the factors that led to the weakening of the Qing Dynasty in the 18th century?
A
- Qing Dynasty which was not seen as legitimate by many Chinese
- Rapid population growth thanks to New World Crops
- No industrialization
- Imperial Central Government gradually losing power to local warlords & artistocrats
25
How was the Central Imperial Government gradually losing power to local warlords & aristocrats in the 18th & 19th century?
- Increasing corruption
- Frequent peasent uprisings
26
What are the 6 main details regarding the context and the beginning of China’s Century of Humiliation?
- China had restricted trade with Europeans to a limited number of ports
- 1793: The British request loosening of trade but the Chinese decline
- British finally find a product the Chinese want in Opium grown in their colony of India
- Opium is illegal in China so British merchants bribe Chinese officials in ports to allow Opium to be imported
- Rising number of opium addicts & opium related problems
- Silver drain OUT of China to pay for opium
27
What was the spark of the Opium Wars?
- China decided to crack down on illegal opium imports in 1836
- Comissioner Lin Zexu arrested British merchants & smugglers & confiscated & destroyed opium & opium warehouses
28
What did Commisioner Lin Zexu do that led to the British starting the Opium Wars?
- Arrested British merchants & smugglers
- Confiscated & destroyed opium & opium warehouses
29
What were the results of the First Opium War (1839-1842)?
- British (industrialized) easily defeat non-industrial China
- Treaty of Nanjing (1842) - China is forced to open up more ports to European trade
- First of many “unequal treaties”
30
What was the result & effects of the Second Opium War (1856- 1858)?
- Britain defeats the Chinese
- More ports open up to foreigners
- Christian missionaries can work unimpeded in China
31
What were the results of France & Japan defeating China in war during the late 19th century?
- Foreign powers carve out “Spheres of Influence” in China
- Not technically colonized - Qing Dynasty in control in a weak & dependent state
32
What were the “Spheres of Influence”?
-Carved out territories within China by Western powers where Chinese law does not apply & foreign military troops patrol Chinese territory
- Similar to a colony
33
When was the Taiping Rebellion?
1850-1864
34
What was the Taiping Rebellion opposed to?
All things Chinese such as:
- Confucianism
- Daoism
- Buddhism
- Patriarchy
35
What did the Taiping Rebellion advocate for?
- Industrialization
- Equal Land redistribution
- Equal status for men & women
36
What was the result of the Taiping Rebellion?
- Rebellion was eventually crushed in 1864
37
Who crushed the Taiping Rebellion in 1864 & what did it show?
- Local warlords & aristocrats not by the Qing governemnt
- It showed the weakness of the imperial government
38
What were the effects of the Taping Rebellion?
- Chinese economy further weakened
- 20-30 million dead
39
What was the Self-Strengthening movement?
- Effort to modernize China in 1860s & 1870s
- Reinforcement of traditional Chinese values
- Some limited borrowing from the West such as technology, science, & foreign language
40
What was the result of the Self-Strengthening Movement & why?
Failed
- Conservative opposition from Chinese nobles & Confucian scholars
- Needed European money to fund industry; as a result, most industries in China were owned & controlled by Europeans
41
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
- Named by Europeans for the martial arts used by rebels
- A Chinese nationalist rebellion: opposed to anything and everything non- Chinese
42
When was the Boxer Rebellion?
1898 - 1901
43
How did Chinese nationalists rebel during the Boxer Rebellion from 1898 - 1901?
- Killed Europeans & Christians
- Took over foreign embassies in Beijing
44
Who crushed the Boxer Rebellion?
European and Japanese forces when they occupied Beijing
45
What were the results of the Boxer Rebellion?
- Foreign powers imposed massive repatriation payments on China
- Further demonstrated China’s weakness
46
What factors led to the End of the Qing Dynasty?
Continued growth of Chinese nationalism
- Opposition to foreign influence as well as the Qing government
- Sought to create a unified China & solves China’s problems
47
How did the Qing Empire end?
The last emperor abdicated in 1911
48
What were changes after the end of the Qing Dynasty?
- The end of the Chinese Confucian Examination System
- New elected national parliment
- Creation of a “Chinese Republic”- but still fractured between warlords & dependent on foreign investment
49
Who was Sun Yat-Sen?
Pioneer of Chinese democracy
50
What is the historical context of Japan prior to the arrival of Matthew Perry?
- Under the Tokugawa Shogunate
- Military rulers of Japan, along with a figurehead emperor
- Noble classes (daimyo & samurai) maintain wealth, status, & power
- Japanese Society was very urbanized, literate, and wealthy
- Foreigners excluded from Japan except for a small Dutch trading post in Nagasaki
51
What were the demands of US Commodore Perry’s during his arrival in Japan with industrial warships?
- Demands the opening of Japan ports to trade, refueling rights, & better treatment for shipwrecked sailors
52
How does Japan react to the demands of US Commodore Matthew Perry?
- Tokugawa shogun acquiesces
- This sparks a civil war between shoguns & anti-Western samurai who don’t want to see Japan become weak like China
- 1868 Meiji Restoration
53
When was the Meiji Restoration?
1868
54
What was the Meiji Restoration?
Tokugawa Shogunate is overthrown and the government in charge claims to “restore” power to the Emperor Meiji
55
What were the reforms in Japan during the Meiji Restoration?
- Equality: no more nobles & commoners; all are equal Japanese
- National unity through military service (for men) and central taxation
- Public education for all (gender segregated)
- Written constitution & elected Parliament
- Shinto religion gains state support
- Emphasis on learning from the West
56
How did the elected Parliament during the Meiji Restoration in Japan work?
- Parliament was subservient to the Emperor and military leaders
- Women could not vote or join political parties
57
Who was Fukuzawa Yukichi?
A Japanese scholar who promoted westernization
58
What was Industry in Japan like?
- Mondernization also included rapid state-funded industrialization known as Zaibatsu
- Abuses of women & children in factories
- Unions & strikes were illegal
59
What are some examples of rapid industrialization in Japan?
- Factories
- Railroads
- Telegraph lines
60
What are some examples of military modernization in Japan during the industrialization of Japan?
- Machine Guns
- Warships
- No more samurai
61
How did Japan legitimize themselves as a Great Power during the late 19th & early 20th century?
- Japan adopted Western ideas of “empire”
- Japan wins wars against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905))
- Japan acquires colonies of Korea & Taiwan and a “Sphere of Influence” in Manchuria
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1902) declares Japan as a “Great Power”
62
How did Japan rule its colonies during the 20th century?
As brutally as Europeans
63
What’s an example of a way non-white countries challenged white emperors during the 19th & 20th century?
Japan’s industrialization & empire building
64
What are mandates?
Colonies in the Middle East during the 20th century
