Global Society 1945-Present Flashcards
1
Q
What was Post-WW2 Globalization?
A
- Growth of capitalism and wealth worldwide
- Neoliberal economic policies
- Investment of capital ($$) across national borders
2
Q
What are some examples of Neoliberal economic policies & groups created exhibiting those policies?
A
Open borders for goods and people
- European Union after WW2
Free Trade - No tariffs or quotas on imported goods
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
3
Q
What is an example of investment of capital across national borders?
A
- Multinational Corporations like McDonald’s
4
Q
What were the 3 main causes of Globalization?
A
- To prevent future World War
- Industrialize countries sought opportunities for wealth
- Developing countries desired investment and opportunities for economic growth
5
Q
How does Globalization affect political issues?
A
- It prevents war because why go to war with a trading partner
6
Q
How did commercialization cause Globalization?
A
Industrialized countries saw and opportunity to invest in and sell to the developing world
7
Q
What was a social effect of Globalization?
A
- Greater inequality between elites & commoners with countries
8
Q
What was a political effect of Globalization?
A
Greater inequality between industrial countries and developing countries
9
Q
What was an environmental effect of Globalization?
A
Environmental Degradation
10
Q
What was an economic effect of Globalization?
A
- Massive economic growth worldwide
- Higher standards of living
11
Q
What are some international organizations which promote capitalism, free trade, and economic growth?
A
- World Bank
- International Moneyary Fund (IMF)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
12
Q
What does the European Union do?
A
- Allows open borders for citizens of Europe
- Promotes a similar currency such as the Euro which 19 countries use
13
Q
What does the World Trade Organization do?
A
- Creates rules to allow smooth trade between all countries while solving dsiputes
14
Q
What do the IMF and World Bank do?
A
-Made to promote economic stability after WW2
15
Q
What are examples of economic challenges to Globalization?
A
- Developing countries question international loans which require neoliberal economic policies as preconditions
- Industrial countries question “free trade” agreements which lead employers to “offshore” jobs to developing countries
16
Q
What is an example of environmental challenges to Globalization?
A
Environmental groups question economic policies which focus on profit at the expense of the environment
17
Q
What is an example of a cultural challenge to Globalization?
A
- Human rights groups question economic policies which ignore local cultures while focusing on profit
18
Q
What was the American Empire?
A
- US military, economic, and cultural power extending globally
- Built and expanded during the Cold War
19
Q
What was Operation “Desert Storm”?
A
- August 1990- Iraq led by Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait
- Also threatened to invade Saudi Abrabia
- Saudi Arabia and Kuwait asked the US (and other countries) for help against Iraq
- January 1991 - War begins
February 1991 - Kuwait is liberated and Iraq retreats
20
Q
What US actions upset and angered Osama Bin Laden?
A
- US troops remained in Saudi Arabia to enforce a “no-fly zone” on Iraq
- US support for its rival Israel
21
Q
Who was Osama Bin Laden?
A
Leader of a terrorist organization called Al Qaeda
22
Q
What did Osama Bin Laden view the US remaining in Iraq as?
A
- Another Crusade
- Mostly Christian troops in the land holiest to Muslims
23
Q
What happened on Sep 1, 2001?
A
- Hijackers take control of 4 airplane
- 2 planes hit the World Trade Center in New York
- 1 hits the Pentagon
- 1 crashes in a field in PA
- Over 3,000 killed
- Osama Bin Laden & Al Qaeda take responsibility for the attacks
24
Q
What was the context of the War in Afghanistan?
A
- Osama Bin Laden was living in Afghanistan and was protected by the Taliban (the government of Afghanistan)
25
When did US invade Afghanistan?
In October of 2001
26
What were the causes of the War in Afghanistan?
- Want to kill/capture Osama Bin Laden
- Wanted to destroy terrorist training camps
- Want to make sure Afghanistan won't be used to shelter terrorists anymore
27
What were the causes of the US’s second invasion of Iraq in 2003?
- The US believed that Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden were working together
- Also believed that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction
28
What are examples of weapons of mass destruction?
- Nuclear
- Biological
- Chemical
29
When did US invade Iraq for the second time?
- March 2003
30
What was a political effect of the US second invasion of Iraq?
- Saddam Hussein removed from power and executed by the new Iraqi government
31
What's the “Anthropocene”?
- The Geological Era of Humanity
- Environmental impacts exacerbated
by human activity
32
What were the causes of environmental degradation during the Anthropocene?
- Population growth
- Burning of fossil fuels
- Economic globalization
33
What are environmental effects of the Anthropocene?
- Has led to climate change and climate-related events
34
What was was the instigator to Modern Environmentalism?
Rachel Carson & “Silent Spring” in 1962
35
What was an ideological and political effect of Modern Environmentalism?
The creation of “Green” political parties in Western democracies
36
What were economic effects of Modern Environmentalism?
- Environmental regulations on businesses and industries
37
What are examples of NGOs that promote conservation?
Greenpeace, Sierra Club, World Wildlife Fund
38
What is an ideological effect of Modern Environmentalism?
- Encouraging people & businesses to “Go Green” as a trend
39
What are some challenges to Modern Environmentalism?
- The devolping world has been slow to adopt environmental regulations
- Fears that it will harms & slow modern development
- Can the industrialized world really tell the developing world NOT to industrialized in order to protect the planet
- Hypocrisy among industrialized nations since the industrialized world leads in worldwide efforts to slow climate change while most consumption and waste still comes from industrialized world
40
Which countries are increasing in population more developing or industrialized?
Developing nations
41
Who was the leading scientist behind the Green Revolution?
Norman Borlaug
42
What was the Green Revolution?
- Advancements in fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which increased agricultural production
43
What was an economic effect of the Green Revolution?
- Increase in agricultural production
44
What was an environmental challenge to the Green Revolution?
- More lands put into cultivation meant more environmental damage
45
What were liberation ideologies?
- Advocating for the removal of legal, economic, and political restraints on traditionally-marginalized groups
- Attempted to change viewpoints and preconceptions about historically marginalized groups
46
What are examples of traditional marginalized groups that presented social challenges as a result Liberation ideologies?
- Women (feminism phase 2)
- Blacks (Civil Rights)
- LGBTQ (Pride)
- Indigenous American Indian Movement, Treaty Rights)
47
What are examples of traditional marginalized groups that presented political challenges as a result Liberation ideologies?
- Colonies
- Blacks
- LGBTQ
48
What was an instigator for Women’s Liberation?
- Betty Friedan & “The Feminine Mystique” as instigator
49
What were challenges to social systems as a result of Betty Friedan and “The Feminine Mystique”
- Challenged the concept of women as “Other
- Women in the West sought full legal, economic, and educational equality with men
- The concept of liberating women from oppressive patriarchal elements in society
- Elmination of the “Sexual-Double standard”
50
What were political effects of Betty Friedan and “The Feminine Mystique”
- Title IX was passed
- Emphasis on sexual reproductive rights
- Easy access to birth control and abortion
51
What’s an example of a political challenge to Women’s liberation?
- Equal Rights Amendment failed
52
What were patriarchal elements in society that were challenged by Women’s Libration?
- Skirts, brassaries, high-heeled shoes, makeup, etc.
53
What were challenges to Modern Feminism?
- Opposed by many in the “developing world” and religious fundamentalists because it contradicted to traditional family structures within their religion
- Placed too much emphasis on sexuality and reproductive rights
54
What is Religious Fundamentalism?
- Emphasizing traditional religious beliefs as a constant and stabilizing force amid a changing world
- A reaction against the rapid pace of change since WW2
55
What are examples of rapid change that led to religious fundamentalism?
- Change in Gender Roles (Social)
- Economic Changes
- Expansion & Exportation of Western culture (Cultural)
- Moral impropriety
56
What policies do Christian Fundamentalists support?
Socially conservative policies:
- Opposed to same-sex marriage
- Advocate teaching Christianity and prayer in schools
57
What do Hindu fundamentalists in India support & oppose?
- Support A Hindu identity
- Support Hindu education in schools
- Opposed to legal equality for Muslims
58
What an example of a political party representing Hindu fundamentalists in India?
The BJP
59
What is Islamism?
- Nicknames
- What’s the purpose of Islamism
- Where do these fundamentalists work
- AKA political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism
- Wants a greater role for Sharia law and Islam in government and society
- Some work in democratic systems while others do not
60
What are some examples of Islamic Fundamentalists in government?
- Hamas & Hezbollah (Anti-Israel Parties)
- Muslim Brotherhood (Egyptian political party)
- Taliban (Afghan ruling party)
61
What has Jewish treatment in Israel been like historically?
70 CE- Jewish Diaspora
600s - 700s CE - Conquered by Arab Muslims
1500s CE - Absorbed into the Ottoman Empire
- Religion in Israel remained mostly Arabic and Muslim, with Christian minorities
62
What was Israel (Jerusalem) like after WW1?
- Ottoman Empire breaks up and a British mandate of Palestine is created
- The British promised BOTH Jews and Arab Palestines a state in the same region
63
What was Zionism?
Jewish nationalism
- Wanted Jews worldwide to return to Jerusalem and create a Jewish state (Israel) as a Jewish homeland
- Jewish migrate back to Palestine and have conflicts with Arabs
64
What happened in Israel (Jerusalem) after WW2 and what were the causes of it?
- The Holocaust in Europe convinced most of the world that a Jewish state was needed
- 1948 The United Nations partitioned Palestine into two states
65
What were the two states Palestine was partitioned into?
Israel for Jews
Palestine for Arab Palestines
66
What was a political effect after the creation of the state of Israel?
Israel immediately goes to war and wins against neighboring Arab states who were upset at the Partion
67
What have Israel and Palestine been like politically since 1948?
- Numerous wars between Israel and other Arab states
- Expansion of Israel’s borders to include much territory designated for Palestine
- Palestinian refugees in neighboring countries
- “Occupied territories” of the West Bank and Gaza
- Construction of Israeli settlements in occupied territories
- Periodic violence between Israelis and Palestinians
- Hamas and Hezbollah: Islamist anti-Israel group
68
What’s the context on Iran formally Persia before Prime Minister Mohammad industrializes the oil industry?
- Majority Shia Muslim
- Lots of oil wealth, but it was controlled by the British
- British Petroleum (BP)
69
What caused the US & British overthrow of the Iranian PM Mohamed Mossadegh in a coup d’état and put the Shah in control?
- The Iranian PM nationalized the oil industrialized and appeared like a socialist
- The western countries were afraid of communism
- The Shah supported British & US control of oil
70
What was a political effect of the Iranian nationalization of the oil industry?
The US and British overthrew the Iranian PM in a coup d’ état and put Shah of Iran in control
71
When was the Shah in power?
1954-1979
72
What policies did the Shah of Iran impose?
- Secularization of Iranian society
- Western Dress & Women’s rights
- Dictatorial control
73
What caused the Iranian Revolution??
Dissatisfaction with the Shah and with the US & Britain for supporting him
74
Who led the Iranian Revolution?
Shia religious leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
75
What were the effects of the Iranian Revolution?
- Imposition of Sharia law
- Restrictions on women’s dress/behaviors
- “Purge” on Western & secular ideas in exchange for Shia Islam
- An “Islamic Republic”
- Voting occurs but only candidates approved by religious leaders may run
