Immunology/Vaccines Flashcards
What is a vaccine?
A preparation that contains and infectious agent administered to create an immune response that will protect from an illness
What is immunology?
The process of rendering a subject immune or beck,ing immune by vaccination or exposure
What are some advantages of vaccinating?
Immunity long lasting, creates a memory response, boosting immune responses, inexpensive, is controlled exposure
Four necessities to be a vaccine.
Positively identify causative agent, immune response must protect against the disease, risk of vaccine must be lower than the risk of disease, should stimulate an immune response different than the disease response
What is a killed vaccine?
Dead virus or bacteria or pieces of microorganisms that cause a response
What is a subunit vaccine?
When only part of the microorganism is used
What is a modified live vaccine?
Microorganism that undergoes a process to become less dangerous
What is a live vaccine?
Full strength microorganisms given to not cause disease but still yield a response
What is a heterologous vaccine?
Microorganisms that are similar to target organism but does not cause the disease
What is a recombinant disease?
An unrelated organism that is injected with the DNA of the target organism to cause reshaping so it looks like the disease but does not cause disease
Advantages of killed vaccines?
Safe in pregnant animals, easy to store, unlikely to cause disease
Disadvantage of killed vaccines?
Less of an immune response that needs boosters
Pros of modified live vaccines?
Strong immunity, economically friendly
Disadvantages of micro live vaccines?
Capable of causing the disease, not safe in pregnant bitches, easily inactivate due to mishandling
Rules of vaccinating?
Never vaccinate an unhealthy animal, vaccines take 2-4 weeks to reach protection, vaccines should be tailored to fit needs of the animals, Vaccines have side effects, most first vaccines need boosters, timing of vaccines depend on type of protection needed
What does a fever do to a vaccine?
Eliminates the response and immunity
Examples of side effects
Soreness at the site, lethargy, fever and joint pain, abscesses at the site, swelling and hives, tumors at the site, can cause the disease
Are vaccines 100% effective?
NO!
How are vaccines stored?
Refrigerated, unexposed to heat and sunlight, uncombined
Most common routes of vaccination.
SQ and IM
What route is used for vaccinating large groups?
Aerosolized
How do you vaccinate fish?
Through water
When is the first vaccine able to be given?
8 weeks of age
What are the two core vaccines?
Distemper and rabies
Symptoms of distemper?
Fever, cough, nasal discharge, encephalitis, neurological signs, hypercaritonic foot pad (rough foot pads), cns effects during later stages
How do you treat distemper?
Viral infection—Can only treat symptoms with nutrition, antibiotics, fluids
Describe process of vaccinating for distemper
Given at eight weeks. 2-3 series 3-4 weeks apart
How is leptospirosis spread?
Bacterial infection–Urine, water and soil from wildlife– ZOONOTIC
Symptoms of lepto?
Kidney, liver and blood vessels disorders
How many strains out of 250 strains of lepto is covered by the lepto vaccine?
4 strains
How is lepto treated?
Antibiotics and supportive care
This is the number one infectious disease in dogs.
Parvovirus “puppy killer”
How is parvovirus spread?
Ingestion of feces
Symptoms of parvovirus? (P)
Bloody diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, leukopenia, fever
Which breeds are more susceptible to parvovirus?
Rottweiler, Doberman, Labrador, pit bull terrier
What does distemper DAPP stand for?
Distemper, adenovirus, parainfluenza, parvovirus
Signs of hepatitis? (A)
Fever, liver failure, bleeding problems, jaundice
Symptoms of parainfluenza? (P)
Cough, fever, URI
Signs of bordatella (trachrobronchitis)?
Coughing, gagging, fever
How is Lyme disease spread?
Deer ticks
How long must a tick be attached to cause Lyme?
36-48 hours
What are the core feline vaccines?
FVRCP and rabies
FVRCP: What is rhinotracheitis?
Feline herpes transmitted through mucus
Signs of rhinotracheitis?
Upper respiratory infection-runny nose, watery eyes, fever, anorexia, lethargy
FVRCP: what is calicvirus?
Another area of respiratory infection
Signs of calicvirus?
ORAL ULCERATION, watery eyes, anorexia, runny nose
FVRCP: signs of panleukopenia? (Feline distemper)
Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargic, anorexia, fever
What does FVRCP stand for?
Feline viral, rhinotracheitis (herpes), calici virus, panleukopenia
We’re is the feline leukemia vaccine given?
Left rear
How is the rhinotracheitis vaccine given?
SQ
How is the calicivirus given?
SQ
How is the panleukopenia vaccine given?
SQ
When do you test a cat for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Six months
How is FIV transmitted?
Saliva
How is the FIV vaccine given?
SQ
What is feline infectious peritonitis? (FIP)
A fatal disease that is a mutated feline corona virus
What are the two forms of FIP (feline infections peritonitis)
Dry form, non effusive, and wet form, effusive
What are the signs of dry form FIP?
Organ Inflammatory masses, neurological signs, ocular lesions, (based on organs involved)
What are signs of wet form FIP?
Protein like yellow liquid that accumulates in the abdomen
How is FIP spread?
Fecal to oral
How is FIP treated?
Its not, it’s fatal–supportive care
How effective is the FIP vaccine?
50-70%
Another way to explain pan leukopenia virus?
Cat distemper
How is feline leukemia spread?
Nose to nose direct contact
Mild vaccine reaction symptoms.
Fever, pain, lethargy
Moderate vaccine reaction
Facial edema, rash
Severe drug reaction.
Can’t breathe, high fever, die instantly, collapse, turn white, heart fast or too slow
How do you treat vaccine reactions?
Antihistamine, steroid
