Immunology/Genetics for BB (Lect 1)

Question 1

When was the first human transfusion?

Describe the big impacts during the following years:

1900
1940
1980
2000
2020

Answer 1

first: 1667 (killed people)

1900 rbc developement
1940 Blood Bank created
1980s Viral testing (HIV)
2000 Automated
2020 Point of care/molecular

Question 2

Describe IgG

Answer 2

Monomer
Warm Reactive 37 deg
Small/ Secondary
“Incomplete”
ONLY IgG3 activates compliment
EXTRAVASCULAR

Question 3

Describe IgM

Answer 3

Pentamer
Cold Reactive 20deg
Intravascular
Primary response
Direct activator

Question 4

What Ag is present on Rbcs, describe it

Answer 4

C3b (opsonization) will deposit on outside of RBCs (meaning compliment has activated) or there will be hemolysis

Question 5

Briefly Describe Agglutination

Answer 5

rxn between Ab and Ag
visible microscopically
forms a lattice
soluble particles form

Question 6

Stable rxn are dependent on?

What are some outside forces that can be controlled?

Answer 6

fit (size and shape)
charge
avidity

Timing/temperature/centrifuge…etc

Question 7

Describe the zone of equivalence curve and what Post zone, Pre zone mean

Answer 7

Pre zone is Ag excess
Post zone Ab excess
Equivalece means equal amounts of both

Question 8

what is the body’s compensation for anemia?

Answer 8

Incr plasma, heart rate, respiratory rate

Question 9

Why do we transfuse?

Answer 9

1.) Gas transfer: Hgb-Oxy curve, Hypoxia shifts curve to the right
2.) Adequate hemostasis (too much clot, too little clot formation)

Question 10

List pros and cons of transfusions

Answer 10

Pros: 600mil Hgb in rbcs
designed to carry O2
non toxic
naturally sourced

Cons:
transplant rejects from immune response
infections
limited shelf life
volunteer collection

Question 11

Describe Viable vs non viable shelf life

Answer 11

Viable: post transfusion rbc survival of >75% free hgb <1%

Non viable: increased cardiac output, decreased pO2 tension

Question 12

T/F 1% of rbcs are cleared daily

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Describe changes of storage overtime

Answer 13

ATP dec
pH dec
Lac Acid inc
2,3 BPG dec
Plasma K inc

Question 14

T/F additive solutions increase HCT allowing less viscosity and easier infusions of PRBCs while harvesting max plasma from whole blood

Answer 14

false, they decrease HCT

Question 15

What are the days for the following examples

ACD-A, CPD, CP2D
CPDA-1
AS-1, AS-3, AS-5

Answer 15

ACD-A : 21 days
CPDA-1: 35 days
AS-1: 42 days

Question 16

Describe Phenotype

Answer 16

physical expression of genes
detected by serological testing
“Ag”

Question 17

Describe Genotype

Answer 17

actual inhereted genes
detected by molecular testing
“Allele”

Question 18

Define punnett squares

Answer 18

probability of phenotype inferred from genotypes,

Heterozygous usually expressed less

Question 19

Describe Gene

Answer 19

DNA script that codes production of a protein

Question 20

Describe Locus

Answer 20

location on chromosome where gene can be found

Question 21

Describe Allele

Answer 21

variety within gene

Question 22

Describe Homozygous

Answer 22

both alleles are the same

Question 23

Describe heterozygous

Answer 23

one of each gene
Dosage: expression of Ag is less because of heterozygous inheretance of allele

Question 24

Describe Dominant

Answer 24

one allele required in order to express Ag

Question 25

Describe Recessive

Answer 25

both alleles must be in same order to express Ag

Question 26

Describe haptlotypes Cis vs Trans

Answer 26

Cis - inherited on same chromosome
Trans- inhereted on opposite chromosomes

Question 27

How do you calculate gene frequency?

Answer 27

Hardy weinbergs law
genotypes are distinctive in proportion to frequency in population
genotypes remain constant across generations

Question 28

Describe Haplotype

Answer 28

genes very close together on a chromosome sometimes arent affected by independent assortment.

They are linked by haplotype and inherited together