Immunology 4

Question 1

These are soluble molecules that can bind to receptors on a cell membrane

Answer 1

Cytokines/chemokines

Question 2

This is anything that has the potential to be recognised by the immune system

Answer 2

Antigen

Question 3

This is a type of antigen that is sourced from the outside (pathogens/transplants/some chemicals)

Answer 3

Foreign antigen

Question 4

These are the type of antigens the immune system is usually tolerant to

Answer 4

Self-antigens

Question 5

This is a type of MHC that presents endogenous/intracellular antigens and is expressed on all nucleated cells

Answer 5

MHC 1

Question 6

This is a type of MHC that presents exogenous/extracellular antigens and is expressed only on antigen presenting cells (like dendritic cells)

Answer 6

MHC 2

Question 7

What are the 3 ways the immune cells can communicate to each other?

Answer 7

1) Through soluble molecules (cytokines/chemokines) binding to receptors

2) Through cell receptors binding to bound ligands on another cell

3) Through antigens (pathogen parts) being presented to cell receptors (like MHC)

Question 8

How does the innate arm recognise pathogens?

Answer 8

Through PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns - which recognises the building blocks of viruses/bacteria

And through TLRs (toll-like receptors)

• These upregulate the gene to make proteins that will defend the cell.

Question 9

These are molecules (interleukins) that control the growth and activity of immune cells.

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

These are molecules (interleukins) that control the growth and activity of immune cells.

Answer 10

Cytokines

Question 11

These are molecules that stimulate cell migration.

Answer 11

Chemokines

Question 12

Where are cytokines and chemokines produced in?

Answer 12

The innate and adaptive immune system and epithelial cells as well.

• Epithelial cells influence the immune system (because they release chemokines during infection)

Question 13

How do helper T cells (CD4) activate B cells?

Answer 13

• make cytokines that bind to receptors
• or have cell receptors that bind to B cell ligand
• These two interactions helps the B cell to MAKE antibodies

Question 14

What is another way the B cell can be activated?

Answer 14

Through antibody binding to a pathogen&raquo_space; activate complement: classical pathway&raquo_space; form complement fragments that are bound to antigen&raquo_space; activate B cells