Immunity, Inflammation, & Infection Flashcards
T cells function
destroy own cells that have gone bad - invaded by viruses or cancerous
where do T cells mature
thymus
B cells function
make antibodies that attack bad stuff - bacteria, viruses, toxins
where do B cells mature
in the bone
where are natural killer cells found
spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
function of NK cells
suppress cancer cells
which are the granulocytes
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
acronym for amount of WBC
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
what would increased eosinophils indicate
parasitic/protozoan infection, allergic reaction, or cancer
where are eosinophils mainly found
GI tract
what would increased basophils indicate
inflammatory response, allergic reaction
what do basophils contain (looking for 2)
heparin - anticoagulant
histamine - vasodilator
what can neutrophils do
phagocytosis; fight fungal infections
start inflammation process
what can macrophages do
phagocytosis; release cytokines
what can lymphocytes do
make antibodies;
destroy bad cells
what are the 5 major components of the lymphatic system?
vessels
nodes
tonsils
thymus
spleen
functions of spleen
recycle old RBCs
storage of platelets & WBCs
fight infections - pneumonia & meningitis
most common Immunoglobulin
IgG
each IgG has how many binding sites
2
how do immunoglobulins increase chances of phagocytosis
bind to antigens, inactivate and then clump them
acronym to remember the amount of Ig
GAMED for functions
GAMDE for amount
functions of Ig
G: across placenta during Gestation
A: Alimentary canal, saliva, tears, airway, vagina
M: lyMph & blood
E: allErgies (lungs, skin, mucous membranes)
D: no idea
which antibody is the first one made to fight off an infection
IgM
which antibody activates complement system against bacteria and viruses
IgG
what is considered the humoral response
B cells produce antibodies (Ig) that circulate in the bloodstream; some memory B-cells
what is considered the cell-mediated response
activated phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells (remember MHC I & II), release of specific cytokines
what happens to T-cells in HIV
the T cells start attacking self cells
innate vs acquired/adaptive immunity
innate: general response but faster
acquired/adaptive: super specific but takes longer due to clonal expansion
active vs. passive immunity
active: antibodies produced due to natural or vaccine-induced immunity; long-lasting but takes a while
passive: antibodies given to them; baby through placenta, antibody blood transfusion; IMMEDIATE but short-lasting, NO memory cells
how long does passive immunity last for babies
6 months
causes of chronic inflammation
couldn’t eliminate stuff from acute inflammation;
autoimmune disorder
what can excessive serous exudate indicate
high bioburden - lots of microorganisms, surface not sterilized and has lots of bacteria still
what is in serous exudate
plasma
what’s catarrhal exudate
mucus in runny nose/throat
when are fibrinous exudates seen
in response to injuries of the vascular system
what is contained in purulent discharge
plasma with live and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells
what 3 chemicals that are released that triggers chemotaxis during inflammation
kinins
prostaglandins
histamine
what are the 5 signs of inflammation
pain,
swelling/edema,
redness,
heat,
loss of function from swelling and pain
most common type of tissue injury
microtrauma: overuse of a common body part
what are pyrogens and what produces them
macrophages & T cells produce cytokines that act as messengers
function of fever
kill off pathogens
speeds up important protective chemical rxns - increase phagocytosis, produce immune bodies
signals that trigger fever
interleukin-1 (IL-1) triggers prostaglandin E and tells hypothalamus to crank up temp
4 stages of fever
prodromal
chill
flush
defervescence
subclinical vs. clinical apparent
subclinical: no symptoms
clinical apparent: has symptoms
virulence
growth and multiplication how fast
pathogenicity
ability to cause harm
invasiveness
ability to bypass protective tissues
incidence
pathogen x virulence/host defenses
opportunistic
organism that causes an infection under the right circumstances
helminthes
worm feeding on live host disrupting host’s nutrition absorption
6 steps for infection
susceptible host
infectious agent
source
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
what is cellulitis
bacterial skin infection
most common in lower legs
what is bacteremia and signs & symptoms
bacteria in the blood;
sudden fever, chills after procedure
what is septicemia
bacterial infection in a organ such as lungs or skin enters the bloodstream and can progress to sepsis
most common infections that can lead to septicemia
UTI, lung infections such as pneumonia
kidney infections
abdominal infections
normal amount of WBCs
5,000-10,000 cells/mm3
low is below 4,000 to 4,500
high is above 11,000
what is considered leukocytosis
elevated WBCs that reach beyond 10,000 cells/mm3
list some reasons why leukocytosis might occur
steroid use, infection, stress, thyroid storm, splenectomy
what is considered leukopenia
WBC <4,000
what will happen to band (immature) neutrophils when infection is severe or prolonged
shift to the left
normal is 0-10%
differential count means what
counts the different number of WBCs
what is considered neutropenia
neutropenia - <2,000
ANC (absolute neutrophil count) <1,000
what does ANC absolute neutrophil count tell you
the risk for infection
under what conditions should a pt be placed under neutropenic precautions and what are the steps to take
if ANC <1,000
- no flowers, fresh fruits or veggies
- no sick visitors
- no rectal temp or IM injections
what is a serology test
antigen and antibody reaction tests: presence or level
