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NURS122 > Immunity, Inflammation, & Infection > Flashcards

Immunity, Inflammation, & Infection Flashcards

1
Q

T cells function

A

destroy own cells that have gone bad - invaded by viruses or cancerous

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2
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

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3
Q

B cells function

A

make antibodies that attack bad stuff - bacteria, viruses, toxins

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4
Q

where do B cells mature

A

in the bone

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5
Q

where are natural killer cells found

A

spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

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6
Q

function of NK cells

A

suppress cancer cells

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7
Q

which are the granulocytes

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

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8
Q

acronym for amount of WBC

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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9
Q

what would increased eosinophils indicate

A

parasitic/protozoan infection, allergic reaction, or cancer

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10
Q

where are eosinophils mainly found

A

GI tract

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11
Q

what would increased basophils indicate

A

inflammatory response, allergic reaction

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12
Q

what do basophils contain (looking for 2)

A

heparin - anticoagulant
histamine - vasodilator

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13
Q

what can neutrophils do

A

phagocytosis; fight fungal infections
start inflammation process

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14
Q

what can macrophages do

A

phagocytosis; release cytokines

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15
Q

what can lymphocytes do

A

make antibodies;
destroy bad cells

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16
Q

what are the 5 major components of the lymphatic system?

A

vessels
nodes
tonsils
thymus
spleen

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17
Q

functions of spleen

A

recycle old RBCs
storage of platelets & WBCs
fight infections - pneumonia & meningitis

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18
Q

most common Immunoglobulin

A

IgG

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19
Q

each IgG has how many binding sites

A

2

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20
Q

how do immunoglobulins increase chances of phagocytosis

A

bind to antigens, inactivate and then clump them

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21
Q

acronym to remember the amount of Ig

A

GAMED for functions
GAMDE for amount

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22
Q

functions of Ig

A

G: across placenta during Gestation
A: Alimentary canal, saliva, tears, airway, vagina
M: lyMph & blood
E: allErgies (lungs, skin, mucous membranes)
D: no idea

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23
Q

which antibody is the first one made to fight off an infection

A

IgM

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24
Q

which antibody activates complement system against bacteria and viruses

A

IgG

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25
Q

what is considered the humoral response

A

B cells produce antibodies (Ig) that circulate in the bloodstream; some memory B-cells

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26
Q

what is considered the cell-mediated response

A

activated phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells (remember MHC I & II), release of specific cytokines

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27
Q

what happens to T-cells in HIV

A

the T cells start attacking self cells

28
Q

innate vs acquired/adaptive immunity

A

innate: general response but faster
acquired/adaptive: super specific but takes longer due to clonal expansion

29
Q

active vs. passive immunity

A

active: antibodies produced due to natural or vaccine-induced immunity; long-lasting but takes a while

passive: antibodies given to them; baby through placenta, antibody blood transfusion; IMMEDIATE but short-lasting, NO memory cells

30
Q

how long does passive immunity last for babies

A

6 months

31
Q

causes of chronic inflammation

A

couldn’t eliminate stuff from acute inflammation;
autoimmune disorder

32
Q

what can excessive serous exudate indicate

A

high bioburden - lots of microorganisms, surface not sterilized and has lots of bacteria still

33
Q

what is in serous exudate

A

plasma

34
Q

what’s catarrhal exudate

A

mucus in runny nose/throat

35
Q

when are fibrinous exudates seen

A

in response to injuries of the vascular system

36
Q

what is contained in purulent discharge

A

plasma with live and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells

37
Q

what 3 chemicals that are released that triggers chemotaxis during inflammation

A

kinins
prostaglandins
histamine

38
Q

what are the 5 signs of inflammation

A

pain,
swelling/edema,
redness,
heat,
loss of function from swelling and pain

39
Q

most common type of tissue injury

A

microtrauma: overuse of a common body part

40
Q

what are pyrogens and what produces them

A

macrophages & T cells produce cytokines that act as messengers

41
Q

function of fever

A

kill off pathogens
speeds up important protective chemical rxns - increase phagocytosis, produce immune bodies

42
Q

signals that trigger fever

A

interleukin-1 (IL-1) triggers prostaglandin E and tells hypothalamus to crank up temp

43
Q

4 stages of fever

A

prodromal
chill
flush
defervescence

44
Q

subclinical vs. clinical apparent

A

subclinical: no symptoms
clinical apparent: has symptoms

45
Q

virulence

A

growth and multiplication how fast

46
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause harm

47
Q

invasiveness

A

ability to bypass protective tissues

48
Q

incidence

A

pathogen x virulence/host defenses

49
Q

opportunistic

A

organism that causes an infection under the right circumstances

50
Q

helminthes

A

worm feeding on live host disrupting host’s nutrition absorption

51
Q

6 steps for infection

A

susceptible host
infectious agent
source
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry

52
Q

what is cellulitis

A

bacterial skin infection
most common in lower legs

53
Q

what is bacteremia and signs & symptoms

A

bacteria in the blood;
sudden fever, chills after procedure

54
Q

what is septicemia

A

bacterial infection in a organ such as lungs or skin enters the bloodstream and can progress to sepsis

55
Q

most common infections that can lead to septicemia

A

UTI, lung infections such as pneumonia
kidney infections
abdominal infections

56
Q

normal amount of WBCs

A

5,000-10,000 cells/mm3
low is below 4,000 to 4,500
high is above 11,000

57
Q

what is considered leukocytosis

A

elevated WBCs that reach beyond 10,000 cells/mm3

58
Q

list some reasons why leukocytosis might occur

A

steroid use, infection, stress, thyroid storm, splenectomy

59
Q

what is considered leukopenia

A

WBC <4,000

60
Q

what will happen to band (immature) neutrophils when infection is severe or prolonged

A

shift to the left
normal is 0-10%

61
Q

differential count means what

A

counts the different number of WBCs

62
Q

what is considered neutropenia

A

neutropenia - <2,000
ANC (absolute neutrophil count) <1,000

63
Q

what does ANC absolute neutrophil count tell you

A

the risk for infection

64
Q

under what conditions should a pt be placed under neutropenic precautions and what are the steps to take

A

if ANC <1,000
- no flowers, fresh fruits or veggies
- no sick visitors
- no rectal temp or IM injections

65
Q

what is a serology test

A

antigen and antibody reaction tests: presence or level

NURS122 (28 decks)

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