Immune Response (lecture)

Question 1

What two cell types are primarily responsible for neutralizing cytoplasmic infections (one is innate, the other is adaptive)?

Answer 1

Innate imm. NK cells

Adaptive imm. CTL

Question 2

What cell is primarily responsible for directly neutralizing vesicular infections?

Answer 2

Macrophages (activated by T-cells and NK cells)

Question 3

What antibody is primarily responsible for clearing epithelial infections?

Answer 3

IgA

Question 4

What are the two primary innate immunity responses to viral infections?

Answer 4

Inhibition of infection by Type 1 IFN

Direct killing of infected cells by NK cells

Question 5

What are the three effects of IFN 1 (IFN-a and IFN-B)?

Answer 5

Intracellular sequestration of things a virus needs to survive
Increased NK cell ligands (on infected cell)
Activate NK cells

Question 6

What is responsible for initiating IFN 1 production?

Answer 6

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) of viruses

Question 7

A lack of what MHC on an infected cell induces death from an NK cell?

Answer 7

MHC I

Question 8

What are the two mechanisms by which NK cells kill other cells?

Answer 8

Perforin production –> cell leakage

Granzymes –> induced apoptosis

Question 9

What adaptive immunity cell type is primarily responsible for killing of virus infected cells? What is the other action of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 9

CTLs (specialized CD8) directly kill infected cells

Antibodies block viral binding and entry

Question 10

What are the three actions by CTLs that lead to fighting a virus infected cell?

Answer 10

Perforin production
Granzyme release into infected cell
FasL induces apoptosis

Question 11

Which Ig types are primarily responsible for blocking virus binding and entry?

Answer 11

IgG and IgA

Question 12

What cell type is responsible for Ig type switching?

Answer 12

CD4 helpers

Question 13

Approximately how long does it take for the adaptive immune system to spin up?

Answer 13

1 week

Question 14

Mycobacterium, Listeria and Leishmania are all examples of what type of infective agents?

Answer 14

Intracellular

Question 15

What two cytokines are key in the NK cell - macrophage feedback loop?

Answer 15

IL-12 (from macrophages) and IFN-gamma (from NK cells)

Question 16

What IFN is responsible for macrophage activation?

Answer 16

IFN-gamma

Question 17

What adaptive immunity cell type is the first to respond to intracellular pathogens?

Answer 17

CD 4

Question 18

What cytokine signals CD4 T cells to differentiate into TH1 cells?

Answer 18

IL-12

Question 19

What adaptive immunity cell is the source of IFN-gamma in response to an intracellular pathogen?

Answer 19

TH1

Question 20

What complement pathway is independent of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 20

Classical (activated by antibodies)

Question 21

What is “the most important” complement protein?

Answer 21

C3

Question 22

What C3 protein is responsible for inflammation?

Answer 22

C3a

Question 23

What C3 protein is responsible for MAC formation?

Answer 23

C3b

Question 24

What cell types are the heavy lifters of adaptive immunity to extracellular pathogens?

Answer 24

B cells (antibodies)
CD4 T-helpers

Question 25

What are the two effects of antibodies in the adaptive immune system in response to extracellular pathogens?

Answer 25

opsonization and complement activation

Question 26

What are the three adaptive immune system cell types responsible for fighting parasite infections?

Answer 26

TH2 Eosinophils B-cells (IgE)

Question 27

What cytokine is responsible for signaling Ig switching to IgE?

Answer 27

IL-4

Question 28

What cytokine activates eosinophils?

Answer 28

IL-5

Question 29

IgE binding to Mast cells results in _______.

Answer 29

degranulation - histamine degranulation is key to anaphylaxis

Question 30

How do IL-4 and IL-10 influence macrophage activity?

Answer 30

They both result in suppression of macrophages

Question 31

What is the primary IFN and cell type of innate immunity involved in virus defense?

Answer 31

IFN-1 | NK cells

Question 32

What are the 3 adaptive immune system cells involved in virus defenses?

Answer 32

CD8 CD4 B cell

Question 33

What are the two main innate immune system defenses against intracellular pathogens?

Answer 33

Phagocytosis | NK cells

Question 34

Which adaptive immune system cells are mainly responsible for intracellular pathogen defense (2)?

Answer 34

CD4 (TH1) | CD8

Question 35

What are the two innate immunity system defenses against extracellular pathogens?

Answer 35

Complement | Phagocytosis

Question 36

What are the adaptive immune system defenses against extracellular pathogens?

Answer 36

B cells Ig CD4