Immune and Blood 2 Flashcards
Match the following wrt RBCs
a) swell
b) shrink
1. hypotonic
2. hypertonic
a) 1
b) 2
Why are RBCs concave?
helps them travel through small BV w/ ease and aids in oxygen transport
Erythrocytes are also known as
a) RBCs
b) WBCs
c) platelets
d) T cells
e) phagocytes
a
most oxygen in the blood is contained in ______ bound to _____
a) WBCs, Hb
b) RBCs, Hb
c) platelets, iron
d) RBCs, iron
b
Hemoglobin contains 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptides each w/ a ______ group that can bind to oxygen
heme
a) What is this?
b) what is its fxn?
c) where is it found?
a) a hemoglobin
b) hold and transport oxygen
c) RBCs
What is the fxn of an erythrocyte?
hemoglobin and oxygen transport
T or F - all oxygen found in a RBC is bound to Hb
F - most it but not all
How does one measure the total arterial oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood?
the amount of oxygen bound to Hb plus the amount of free oxygen
if 97% of oxyhemoglobin enters using the systemic arteries and 75% exits using the systemic veins how much oxygen is unloaded in the systemic tissues?
97 - 75 = %22
What are the 2 factors that dictate the direction of the image shown?
- the PO2 (pressure of oxygen in blood)
- the bond strength b/w Hb and oxygen
a) where does deoxyhemoglobin –> oxyhemoglobin?
b) where does oxygemoglobin –> deoxyhemoglobin?
a) lungs
b) tissues
Describe what is happening during the following based on this image
a) A
b) B
c) C
a) the max amount of oxyhemoglobin in the arteries (max PO2)
b) the % of oxyhemoglobin entering the tissues and remaining there DEC the PO2
c) the amount of oxyhemoglobin in the veins
we know that only about 22% of the hemoglobin in the arteries actually gets transferred (and remains) in the tissues during the gaseous exchange. Resulting in the other 88% remaining in the veins. Why is this important?
this allows for excess oxygen reserves that can help the brain remain alive for 4-5 minutes w/out breathing or CPR
_____ pH and/or _______ temperature leads to decreased Hb affinity (bond strength) for O2
a) INC, DEC
b) INC, INC
c) DEC, DEC
d) DEC, INC
e) b or c
d
What are the 2 factors that influence Hb affinity for Oxygen? Indicate how they influence it
- pH ~ affinity
- temperature ~1/ affinity
Describe the Bohr effect
a shift in the Hb saturation curve due to a change in pH (changing the Hb affinity for oxygen)
if you DEC the pH this leads to a DEC in Hb affinity for Oxygen. Shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the ____ which indicates ___________
a) right, the uptake of oxygen
b) left, the uptake of oxygen
c) right, the unloading of oxygen
d) left, the unloading of oxygen
c
if you INC the temperature this leads to a DEC in Hb affinity for Oxygen. Shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the ____ which indicates ___________
a) right, the uptake of oxygen
b) left, the uptake of oxygen
c) right, the unloading of oxygen
d) left, the unloading of oxygen
c
if you DEC the temperature this leads to an INC in Hb affinity for Oxygen. Shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the ____ which indicates ___________
a) right, the uptake of oxygen
b) left, the uptake of oxygen
c) right, the unloading of oxygen
d) left, the unloading of oxygen
b
if you INC the pH this leads to an INC in Hb affinity for Oxygen. Shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the ____ which indicates ___________
a) right, the uptake of oxygen
b) left, the uptake of oxygen
c) right, the unloading of oxygen
d) left, the unloading of oxygen
b
match the following temperatures to each blank in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shown
a) 10 degrees
b) 20 degrees
c) 38 degrees
d) 43 degrees
a) orange
b) yellow
c) blue
d) pink
match the following pH to each blank in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shown
a) low pH
b) normal pH
c) high pH
a) green
b) yellow
c) pink
match the following [2,3-DPG] to each blank in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shown
a) added 2,3-DPG
b) normal 2,3-DPG
c) no 2,3-DPG
a) blue
b) yellow
c) green
What is the benefit of INC unloading of oxyhemoglobin during INC temperature environments?
can INC the amount of oxygen provided to muscle tissues during exercise due to them being warmed up
a) What is chronic hypoxia?
b) what is anemia?
a) extended periods of low oxygen
b) low lvls of blood hemoglobin
unlike most cells in the body RBC lack which of the following
a) nuclei
b) cytoskeleton
c) mitochondria
d) a and c
e) all of the above
d
as we know RBC are one of the only cells that do not contain mitochondria.
a) What is the consequence of this?
b)how do they compensate for this?
a) they are unable to respire aerobically (unable to use oxygen to produce NRG)
b) they obtain NRG through anaerobic metabolism of glucose (the act of breaking down glucose to produce NRG in the absence of oxygen)
What is the significance of the production of 2,3-DPG in RBCs?
When in a low PO2 environment (low O2 lvl) the low [oxyhemoglobin] allows RBCS to produce 2,3-DPG which DEC the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This in turn INC the unloading of oxygen into tissues which compensates for the lack of Oxygen being breathed from the external environment
What prevents RBCs from producing 2,3-DPG all of the time
oxhemoglobin inhibits 2,3-DPG thus in high O2 environments the high [oxyhemoglobin] prevents the 2,3-DPG production
Put the following in order
a) INC 2,3-DPG
b) low PO2
c) DEC affinity of hemoglobin for O2
d) less inhibition of 2,3-DPG
e) low [oxyhemoglobin]
f) INC O2 unloading to tissues
b -> e -> d -> a -> c -> f
fill in the factors that match each comment make sure to indicate INC or DEC
blue = DEC pH
green = INC temp
yellow = INC 2,3-DPG
match the following colours of blood to the organism
a) red
b) blue
c) green
d) violet
1. octopus
2. Marine worms
3. humans
4. leeches
a) 3
b) 1
c) 4
d) 2
Match the following
a) red
b) blue
c) green
d) violet
1. haemocyanin
2. haemoglobin
3. haemorthrin
4. chlorocalorin
a) 2
b) 1
c) 4
d) 3
a) what is the lifespan of a RBC?
b) what type of cell removes RBC from circulation?
c) Where are these cells found?
a) 120 days
b) phagocytic cells
c) liver, spleen and bone marrow
Hb gets broken down into ____ and ____ by the phagocytic cells at the end of the RBCs lifespan
heme and globins
What is the significance of transferrin?
transports the Fe from the broken-down Hb in old RBCs to the bone marrow recycling it
Describe the 5 steps involved in what happens to the heme of Hb after it’s broken down using the following terms; transferrin, Fe, heme, bone marrow, biliverdin, bilirubin, spleen, liver, albumin, glucuronic acid, water-soluble, bile, feces
- transferrin takes the Fe from the heme and recycles it back to the bone marrow
- the heme becomes biliverdin and is converted to bilirubin in the spleen and liver
- all the bilirubin is transported to he liver bound to albumin
- the bilirubin-albumin complex is combined w/ glucuronic acid making it water-soluble
- secreted into bile and eliminated in the feces
a) what is jaundice?
b) what is the most common symptom of physiological jaundice?
c) at age do ppl usually show signs of physiological jaundice? Provide 2 reasons for why this occurs at this age
d) Describe treatment for this condition
e) what are the 2 diseases that jaundice is associated w/?
a) accumulation of bilirubin (converted heme that lacks Fe)
b) yellowing of the skin
c) newborns (2-4 days old)
1. fetal RBC has a shorter lifespan (higher turnover rate)
2. lack of conjugating enzymes
d) phototherapy with blue light exposure
e) hepatitis (liver) or gallstones (gall bladder)
a) Describe Thalassemia
b) describe alpha thalassemia
c) describe beta thalassemia
a) an inherited defect in Hb that leads to excessive destruction of RBCs
b) impaired synthesis of alpha Hb chains
c) impaired synthesis of beta Hb chains
____ thalassemia occurs more frequently than ____ thalassemia
a) alpha, beta
b) beta, gamma
c) alpha, gamma
d) gamma, alpha
e) beta, alpha
a
What are the effects of iron overload for the following
a) pituitary
b) thyroid
c) heart
d) liver
e) pancreas
f) gonads
a) impaired growth and infertility
b) hypoparathyroidism
c) cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure
d) hepatic cirrhosis
e) diabetes mellitus
f) hypogonadism
a) what type of Hb is produced for someone w/ sickle cell anemia?
b) what type of Hb is produced for those w/out sickle cell anemia?
c) What are the two costs to sickle cell anemia due to the sickled-shaped RBCs
a) S
b) A
c)
1. reduces/blocks blood flow into organs
2. promotes hemolysis and hemolytic anemia (the destruction of RBCs that occurs so fast you are unable to replace them)
What causes the sickle shape of the RBCs for those who have sickle cell anemia
the crystalization of Hb when it gives up oxygen
Describe HbAS. What is its significance?
an individual that is heterozygous for the sickle mutation. These indiv are less vulnerable to the malarial parasites. Due to the mutation only being heterozygous the sickle cells are attacked by the immune sys thus the malarial parasites that invade the sickle RBCs end up being destroyed before they can cause hemolysis
What type of antigens and antibodies are produced for the following blood types
a) Type A
b) Type B
c) Type AB
d) Type O
a) A antigen and B antibodies
b) B antigen and A antibodies
c) no A or B antigen but both A and B antibodies
d) both A and B antigens but no A or B antibodies
describe the ABO sys
the blood type antigens that an indiv produces
Where do most ppl have the following blood types
a) type O
b) type A
c) type b
a) south America
b) Australia
c) Russia and india
Describe how blood typing works
you mix the blood w/ one sample that contains anti-A-type antibodies and another w/ anti-B-type antibodies. If agglutination (clumping) occurs in the A it’s type A if it happens in the B its type B. If it occurs in both they are type AB and they’re type O if it occurs in neither
Which blood type is considered a universal donor
a) Type A
b) Type B
c) Type AB
d) all of the above
e) Type O
e
Which blood type is considered a universal recipient
a) Type A
b) Type B
c) Type AB
d) all of the above
e) Type O
c
which blood type is this
a) Type A
b) Type B
c) Type AB
d) Type O
c
which blood type is this
a) Type A
b) Type B
c) Type AB
d) Type O
d
what is happening in this image
an infusion of the wrong blood type thus the antibodies for that infused blood type are attacking it causing agglutination which will lead to hemolysis of that blood type
What is the significance of the Rh factor?
it’s another group of antigens (aside from the ABO). It is significant in mothers that are Rh negative while their baby is Rh positive as the Rh antibodies from the mother are able to cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of those fetal Rh-positive RBCs
Which of the following is able to cross the placenta from mother to fetus
a) Anti-A-type antibodies
b) anti-B-type antibodies
c) anti-O-type antibodies
d) anti-Rh-type antibodies
e) none of the above
d
What 3 hemostatic mechanisms occur during the breakage of a BV?
- vasoconstriction
- formation of the platelet plug
- production of web fibrin proteins around the platelets
How come platelets are only present when BV are damaged?
the BV endothelium repels platelets however when the endothelium is damaged that repulsion goes away
What are the 3 components of the BV endothelium that repel platelets?
- prostacyclin (PGI2)
- nitric oxide (NO)
- CD39
Fill in the image using the following
a) PGI2 + NO
b) CD39
c) inactive platelets
d) VWF
e) endothelial cell
f) collagen
a) yellow
b) purple
c) green
d) blue
e) pink
f) orange
Describe the 7 steps to platelet activation using the following terms; endothelium, BV, platelets, collagen fibers, von Willebrand’s factor (VWF), degranulation, ADP, TXA2, layers, platelet plug
- the endothelium wall of the BV repels the platelets keeping them from activating
- damaged endothelium wall exposes the collagen fibers via the VWF
- platelets activate once they bind to the collagen fibers
- degranulation of platelets releasing ADP and TXA2
- new platelets are attracted and stick producing a second layer of platelets
- the second layer of platelets releases more ADP and TXA2 and attracts more platelets
- repeat steps 4 to 6 until the platelet plug is formed (fill in the damaged BV endothelium)
Activated platelets also activate _______ factors
clotting
What is the significance of activated clotting factors?
these factors convert fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (insoluble fibrous proteins). platelets have receptors for both fibrinogen and fibrin which is used to stabilize the platelet plug
thrombi is another way to say what?
blood clots
What is coagulation?
the biochem process that produces blood clots/thrombi
What are the 2 pathways that are used to convert fibrinogen to fibrin?
- intrinsic pathways = in which all the components are present w/in the blood
- extrinsic pathway = in which the process is initiated by chem that are not part of the blood
describe the 5 steps involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation using the following terms; endothelium, collagen fiber, BV, factor XII, factor XI, factor IX, factor X, prothrombin, thrombin, blood clots, platelet, platelet plug
- damage to the endothelium causing the collagen fibers w/in the BV to be exposed
- the protease factor XII is activated
- factor XII activates Factor XI which activates Factor IX which activates Factor X
- converts prothrombin (glycoprotein) into its active form thrombin/blood clots
- these thrombi aid the platelets to form the platelet plug
Describe the 4 steps involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation using the following terms; endothelium, factor II, factor VII, factor X, prothrombin, thrombin, blood clot, platelets, platelet plague
- damage to the endothelium causing factor III to be exposed to factor VII
- activates factor X
- converts prothrombin (glycoprotein) into its active form thrombin/blood clots
- the thrombi aids the platelets to form the platelet plug
Match the pathway to the color
a) common pathway
b) intrinsic pathway
c) extrinsic pathway
a) green
b) yellow
c) blue
What are the 2 sys is put in place to prevent the blood clotting rxn from spreading?
- fibrin binds to thrombin/blood clots to prevent the positive feedback loop
- basophils and mast cells secrete the protein heparin which prevents the formation of thrombin and limits blood clot formation
a) What is clot dissolution?
b) how does it occur?
c) what does the conversion?
a) the act of breaking up a blood clot that has already formed
b) it converts plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin which is used to degrade blood clots
c) tPA = tissue plasminogen activator
fill in the blanks according to the following
a) plasmin
b) fibrinogen
c) plasminogen
d) fibrin
e) tPA
a) blue
b) pink
c) purple
d) green
e) yellow
