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BIOM3200 > 13. Pregnancy > Flashcards

13. Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the following hormones right before ovulation?
a) LH
b) FSH

A

a) huge surge = INC 6 to 10 fold
b) INC 2 to 3 fold

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the LH surge before ovulation?

A

it converts granulosa and theca cells to progesterone-producing cells (

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3
Q

As we know when the ova is released it takes a few layers with it. What is the purpose of this?

A

these are the layers that the sperm must penetrate in order to fertilize the egg. Thus it regulates how many sperm can actually fertilize the egg (should be a 1:1 ratio)

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4
Q

When the ova are released what happens to the area that it leaves behind?

A

LH converts the granulosa and theca cells that make up the corpus luteum into progesterone-producing cells.

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5
Q

What is the transport time of the ova in the fallopian tube
a) 90 hours
b) 72 hours
c) 50 hours
d) 148 hours

A

b

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6
Q

How long can the following survive w/in once released into the female reproductive tract?
a) sperm
b) secondary oocyte

A

a) 3 days
b) 12 to 24 hours

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7
Q

Fertilization can occur if intercourse takes place w/in a ________ period prior to the day of ovulation for _____. However, fertilization can not occur later than _____ post ovulation for _____
a) 3 day, an ova, 1 day, sperm
b) 1 day, an ova, 3 day, sperm
c) 3 day, sperm, 1 day, sperm
d) 1 day, sperm, 3 day, an ova

A

d

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8
Q

T or F - checking one’s temperature is a great birth control

A

F - it is a great way to have kids but not a good way to prevent pregnancy as a sperm can remain in the female reproductive tract up to 3 days before ovulation has even occurred

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9
Q

What is the significance of the acrosome?

A

capacitation = the machinery that allows a mature sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg

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10
Q

Label the image using the following
a) seminiferous tubules
b) vas deferens
c) testis
d) epididymis

A

a) red
b) blue
c) yellow
d) pink

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11
Q

40 to 120 million spermatozoa are mixed w/ mildly alkaline fluids from the _________ (60%) and the _______ (30%)

A

seminal vesicles, prostate

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12
Q

a) approx. how many sperm successfully travel through the fallopian tube
b) What are the 2 layers of the egg that sperm must penetrate in order to make direct contact?
c) Describe polyspermy and how it relates to the first sperm fusing w/ the egg

A

a) 100
b)
1. corona radiata = outer layer granulosa cells
2. zona pellucida = protective glycoprotein coat
c) polyspermy = when an egg gets fertilized by more than one sperm. Thus in order to prevent this a barrier must be formed

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13
Q

How is polyspermy blocked for the following organisms?
a) mammals
b) non-mammals

A

a) secreted chemical barrier
b) electrical barrier

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14
Q

label the following image using the following
a) corona radiata
b) capacitated sperm
c) zona pellucida

A

a) red
b) blue
c) pink

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15
Q

Describe the steps for egg transportation through the fallopian tube according to the following
1. Day 0
2. Day 1
3. Day 2-4
4. Day 4-5
5. Day 5-9

A
  1. the ovaries release the egg during ovulation which enters the fallopian tube via the fimbria
  2. the spermatozoa fertilizes the egg to form a zygote
  3. the zygote undergoes cell division forming blastocyst
  4. the blastocyst enter the uterus
  5. the blastocysts are implanted w/in the uterus wall where the fetus will start to develope
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16
Q

a) What is a multi-celled zygote?
b) what is a morula?

A

a) a zygote that has undergone cell division
b) a multi-celled zygote that has divided into 12-16 cells

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17
Q

describe the following cell masses that implanted blastocysts contain
a) outer
b) inner

A

a) contains trophoblasts that eat its way into the uterus for implantation and helps produce the placenta
b) the embryo that –> fetus

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18
Q

What is this an image of
a) zygote
b) sperm
c) morula
d) egg
e) blastocyst

A

e

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19
Q

What is this an image of
a) zygote
b) sperm
c) morula
d) egg
e) blastocyst

A

c

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20
Q

Describe the 3 types of twins

A
  1. dizygotic = when two distinct eggs are released during ovulation causing them to both be fertilized at the same time
  2. monozygotic = when one egg is fertilized but they have 2 cell masses that separate and develop
  3. conjoined = when one egg is fertilized by they have 2 cell masses that don’t fully separate
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21
Q

What is nidation?

A

another way to say implantation

22
Q

What are the 2 roles of trophoblast cells

A
  1. They produce enzymes that allow blastocyst to eat its way into the endometrium of the uterus
  2. they secrete HCG in order to maintain the mother-s corpus luteum (maintain secretion of progesterone)
23
Q

a) What does HCG stand for?
b) What secretes HCG?
c) What is the purpose of HCG?

A

a) human chorionic gonadotropin
b) trophoblast cells
c) maintain the corpus luteum (keep secretion of progesterone)

24
Q

75% of lost pregnancies are due to what?

A

failure of implantation

25
Q

Describe the following implantation disorders. Indicate which is still viable
a) ectopic pregnancy
b) ovarian pregnancies
c) tubal pregnancies’
d) cervical pregnancies

A

a) implantation of egg at a different site than posterior wall of the uterine cavity
b) type of ectopic pregnancy where implantation occurs in the ovaries
c) a type of ectopic pregnancy where implantation occurs in the fallopian tube
d) type of ectopic pregnancy where implantation occurs in the cervix of the uterus (viable)

26
Q

Label the image of sites of ectopic pregnancies using the following
a) ovarian
b) ampullar
c) infundibular
d) cervical
e) intramural
f) isthmic

A

a) orange
b) pink
c) blue
d) yellow
e) red
f) green

27
Q

______ make up the placental and they produce _____

A

trophoblastic cells, HCG

28
Q

a) What do pregnancy tests detect?
b) How does this prove you are pregnant

A

a) the HCG w/in the placenta
b) HCG is produced by trophoblastic cells which are the outer massed cells in a blastocyst. blastocyst are basically multiple zygotes thus only exists when a egg has been fertilized by a sperm

29
Q

Describe what is happening in this image in 4 steps

A
  1. you pee on the stick and the HCG w/in your body travels down the stick
  2. labelled anti-HCG bind to your HCG
  3. another fixed anti-HCG binds to the HCG complex keeps it still so you can see the band in the first window
  4. the excess anti-HCGs keep travelling down and bind to the fixed anti-anti-HCG in from of the second window showing the validity of the test
30
Q

a) in general what is the technical name for a pregnancy test?
b) if you see a band in the first window what does that mean?
b) if you see a band in the second window what does that mean?

A

a) immunoassay
b) you are pregnant as HCG is present
c) the test is working as the labelled anti-HCGs are present

31
Q

What are the pregnancy recognition factors for the following?
a) dog
b) cow
c) sheep
d) horse
e) cat
f) pig
g) women

A

a) none needed
b) interferon-tau
c) interferon-tau
d) conceptus movement - movement of the fetus
e) non needed
f) estrogen from conceptus
g) HCG

32
Q

What keeps the pregnancy going before the placenta is formed? - 4

A

the blastocyst secrete HCG which maintains the corpus luteum thus maintain the secretion of progesterone

33
Q

What is the significance of progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum?

A
  1. keeps the endometrium (uterus wall) intact
  2. sends a negative feedback loop to the pituitary/hypothalamus telling it to stop sending hormones that induce ovulation as fertilization has occured
34
Q

T or F - the maternal BVs directly send nutrients and take away waste from the embryonic BVs

A

F - the maternal and embryonic BVs both send and receive the things from the placenta (pool of blood)

35
Q

a) What part of the placenta control the vascular development a the inteface b/w the mother and the embryo?
b) What does this mean?

A

a) the placental alpha2-adrenoceptors
b) its a pocket that takes nutrients from the maternal BV and allows the embryonic BV to take them and visa versa

36
Q

what is the role of the umbilical cord

A

its the cord that allows the embryonic BV to receive the nutrients it needs for the fetus to mature

37
Q

What is the most common thing to cause spontaneous abortions after implantation? How?

A

inadequately developed placenta as this is needed to provide the fetus w/ the nutrients to develope

38
Q

during intrauterine life, the placenta performs the following fxns except
a) cardiovascular sys
b) respiratory sys
c) renal sys
d) digestive sys
e) all of the above

A

a

39
Q

T or F - the placenta is an endocrine gland

A

T

40
Q

a) the placenta is known as a unique endocrine gland. What makes it unique?
b) What is its endocrine fxn (what its secretes and what that secretion causes)

A

a)
1. its transient thus it’s only present during a pregnancy
2. it has no extrinsic control = self regulatory
b) it uses hCG to maintain the corpus luteum

41
Q

What do the following hormones do wrt pregnancy
a) hCG - 1
b) estrogen - 2
c) progesterone - 3
d) PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related peptide) - 1
e) CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) - 1

A

a) maintains the corpus luteum
b) develops the uterine myometrium (growth + oxytocin receptors) + the breast ducts
c)
- suppresses uterine contraction (prevent birth of child too early)
- develops the cervical plug (thick piece of mucus that blocks the opening of your cervix during pregnancy)
- develops the milk glands
d) mobilizes mother-bone calcium (as the child needs Ca too)
e) development of the lungs

42
Q

What are the 3 types of contraception. Indicate which one(s) can prevent the spreading of STDs as well + provide 1 example for each

A
  1. block sperm transport = abstinence, condoms, barriers, sterilization (blocks STDs = condoms or abstinence)
  2. gamete suppression = birth control pills
  3. block implantation = IUD, morning-after pill
43
Q

Describe the two types of sterilizations

A
  1. tubal ligation = cutting the fallopian tubes
  2. vasectomy = cutting the vas vas deferens
44
Q

a) what does IUD stand for?
b) What is the purpose of an IUD?
c) What does an IUD do?

A

a) inter uteri device
b) to prevent pregnancy (specifically egg implantation)
c) uses the insertion of a metal T in the uterus to produce a hostile environment

45
Q

Why should the morning-after pill only be used for emergencies?

A

it stops ovulation due to inserting a high concentration of hormones but its only temporarily and fertilization may have already taken place

46
Q

What does parturition mean?

A

birth

47
Q

parturition occurs via hormonal control: ______ feedback loop
a) positive
b) negative

A

a

48
Q

Describe the steps to birth using the following terms; adrenal gland, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, ACTH, CRH, placenta, positive feedback loop, estriol, prostaglandin, oxytocin, myometrium, labor

A
  1. fetal adrenal gland secretes DHEAS + cortisol upon stimulation by ACTH by the anterior pit which was stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus
  2. cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete CRH producing a positive feedback loop
  3. DHEAS is converted by the placenta into estriol, which together w/ prostaglandins and oxytocin, stimulates the myometrium (uterus wall) causing labor
49
Q

How long are the following stages of parturition in humans
a) cervical dilation
b) fetal expulsion
c) fetal membrane expulsion

A

a) 8h
b) 2h
c) 1h or less

50
Q

How long does the following take for humans
a) completion of involution (uterus to go back to normal size)
b) resumption of complete ovarian activity

A

a) 40 to 45 days
b) 6 to 24 months

51
Q

T or F - b/c its takes from 6 to 24 months for resumption of complete ovarian activity that means during this time you are unable to get pregnant

A

F - it is possible to get pregnant during this time

BIOM3200 (18 decks)

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