13. Pregnancy Flashcards
What happens to the following hormones right before ovulation?
a) LH
b) FSH
a) huge surge = INC 6 to 10 fold
b) INC 2 to 3 fold
What is the purpose of the LH surge before ovulation?
it converts granulosa and theca cells to progesterone-producing cells (
As we know when the ova is released it takes a few layers with it. What is the purpose of this?
these are the layers that the sperm must penetrate in order to fertilize the egg. Thus it regulates how many sperm can actually fertilize the egg (should be a 1:1 ratio)
When the ova are released what happens to the area that it leaves behind?
LH converts the granulosa and theca cells that make up the corpus luteum into progesterone-producing cells.
What is the transport time of the ova in the fallopian tube
a) 90 hours
b) 72 hours
c) 50 hours
d) 148 hours
b
How long can the following survive w/in once released into the female reproductive tract?
a) sperm
b) secondary oocyte
a) 3 days
b) 12 to 24 hours
Fertilization can occur if intercourse takes place w/in a ________ period prior to the day of ovulation for _____. However, fertilization can not occur later than _____ post ovulation for _____
a) 3 day, an ova, 1 day, sperm
b) 1 day, an ova, 3 day, sperm
c) 3 day, sperm, 1 day, sperm
d) 1 day, sperm, 3 day, an ova
d
T or F - checking one’s temperature is a great birth control
F - it is a great way to have kids but not a good way to prevent pregnancy as a sperm can remain in the female reproductive tract up to 3 days before ovulation has even occurred
What is the significance of the acrosome?
capacitation = the machinery that allows a mature sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg
Label the image using the following
a) seminiferous tubules
b) vas deferens
c) testis
d) epididymis
a) red
b) blue
c) yellow
d) pink
40 to 120 million spermatozoa are mixed w/ mildly alkaline fluids from the _________ (60%) and the _______ (30%)
seminal vesicles, prostate
a) approx. how many sperm successfully travel through the fallopian tube
b) What are the 2 layers of the egg that sperm must penetrate in order to make direct contact?
c) Describe polyspermy and how it relates to the first sperm fusing w/ the egg
a) 100
b)
1. corona radiata = outer layer granulosa cells
2. zona pellucida = protective glycoprotein coat
c) polyspermy = when an egg gets fertilized by more than one sperm. Thus in order to prevent this a barrier must be formed
How is polyspermy blocked for the following organisms?
a) mammals
b) non-mammals
a) secreted chemical barrier
b) electrical barrier
label the following image using the following
a) corona radiata
b) capacitated sperm
c) zona pellucida
a) red
b) blue
c) pink
Describe the steps for egg transportation through the fallopian tube according to the following
1. Day 0
2. Day 1
3. Day 2-4
4. Day 4-5
5. Day 5-9
- the ovaries release the egg during ovulation which enters the fallopian tube via the fimbria
- the spermatozoa fertilizes the egg to form a zygote
- the zygote undergoes cell division forming blastocyst
- the blastocyst enter the uterus
- the blastocysts are implanted w/in the uterus wall where the fetus will start to develope
a) What is a multi-celled zygote?
b) what is a morula?
a) a zygote that has undergone cell division
b) a multi-celled zygote that has divided into 12-16 cells
describe the following cell masses that implanted blastocysts contain
a) outer
b) inner
a) contains trophoblasts that eat its way into the uterus for implantation and helps produce the placenta
b) the embryo that –> fetus
What is this an image of
a) zygote
b) sperm
c) morula
d) egg
e) blastocyst
e
What is this an image of
a) zygote
b) sperm
c) morula
d) egg
e) blastocyst
c
Describe the 3 types of twins
- dizygotic = when two distinct eggs are released during ovulation causing them to both be fertilized at the same time
- monozygotic = when one egg is fertilized but they have 2 cell masses that separate and develop
- conjoined = when one egg is fertilized by they have 2 cell masses that don’t fully separate
What is nidation?
another way to say implantation
What are the 2 roles of trophoblast cells
- They produce enzymes that allow blastocyst to eat its way into the endometrium of the uterus
- they secrete HCG in order to maintain the mother-s corpus luteum (maintain secretion of progesterone)
a) What does HCG stand for?
b) What secretes HCG?
c) What is the purpose of HCG?
a) human chorionic gonadotropin
b) trophoblast cells
c) maintain the corpus luteum (keep secretion of progesterone)
75% of lost pregnancies are due to what?
failure of implantation
Describe the following implantation disorders. Indicate which is still viable
a) ectopic pregnancy
b) ovarian pregnancies
c) tubal pregnancies’
d) cervical pregnancies
a) implantation of egg at a different site than posterior wall of the uterine cavity
b) type of ectopic pregnancy where implantation occurs in the ovaries
c) a type of ectopic pregnancy where implantation occurs in the fallopian tube
d) type of ectopic pregnancy where implantation occurs in the cervix of the uterus (viable)
Label the image of sites of ectopic pregnancies using the following
a) ovarian
b) ampullar
c) infundibular
d) cervical
e) intramural
f) isthmic
a) orange
b) pink
c) blue
d) yellow
e) red
f) green
______ make up the placental and they produce _____
trophoblastic cells, HCG
a) What do pregnancy tests detect?
b) How does this prove you are pregnant
a) the HCG w/in the placenta
b) HCG is produced by trophoblastic cells which are the outer massed cells in a blastocyst. blastocyst are basically multiple zygotes thus only exists when a egg has been fertilized by a sperm
Describe what is happening in this image in 4 steps
- you pee on the stick and the HCG w/in your body travels down the stick
- labelled anti-HCG bind to your HCG
- another fixed anti-HCG binds to the HCG complex keeps it still so you can see the band in the first window
- the excess anti-HCGs keep travelling down and bind to the fixed anti-anti-HCG in from of the second window showing the validity of the test
a) in general what is the technical name for a pregnancy test?
b) if you see a band in the first window what does that mean?
b) if you see a band in the second window what does that mean?
a) immunoassay
b) you are pregnant as HCG is present
c) the test is working as the labelled anti-HCGs are present
What are the pregnancy recognition factors for the following?
a) dog
b) cow
c) sheep
d) horse
e) cat
f) pig
g) women
a) none needed
b) interferon-tau
c) interferon-tau
d) conceptus movement - movement of the fetus
e) non needed
f) estrogen from conceptus
g) HCG
What keeps the pregnancy going before the placenta is formed? - 4
the blastocyst secrete HCG which maintains the corpus luteum thus maintain the secretion of progesterone
What is the significance of progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum?
- keeps the endometrium (uterus wall) intact
- sends a negative feedback loop to the pituitary/hypothalamus telling it to stop sending hormones that induce ovulation as fertilization has occured
T or F - the maternal BVs directly send nutrients and take away waste from the embryonic BVs
F - the maternal and embryonic BVs both send and receive the things from the placenta (pool of blood)
a) What part of the placenta control the vascular development a the inteface b/w the mother and the embryo?
b) What does this mean?
a) the placental alpha2-adrenoceptors
b) its a pocket that takes nutrients from the maternal BV and allows the embryonic BV to take them and visa versa
what is the role of the umbilical cord
its the cord that allows the embryonic BV to receive the nutrients it needs for the fetus to mature
What is the most common thing to cause spontaneous abortions after implantation? How?
inadequately developed placenta as this is needed to provide the fetus w/ the nutrients to develope
during intrauterine life, the placenta performs the following fxns except
a) cardiovascular sys
b) respiratory sys
c) renal sys
d) digestive sys
e) all of the above
a
T or F - the placenta is an endocrine gland
T
a) the placenta is known as a unique endocrine gland. What makes it unique?
b) What is its endocrine fxn (what its secretes and what that secretion causes)
a)
1. its transient thus it’s only present during a pregnancy
2. it has no extrinsic control = self regulatory
b) it uses hCG to maintain the corpus luteum
What do the following hormones do wrt pregnancy
a) hCG - 1
b) estrogen - 2
c) progesterone - 3
d) PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related peptide) - 1
e) CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) - 1
a) maintains the corpus luteum
b) develops the uterine myometrium (growth + oxytocin receptors) + the breast ducts
c)
- suppresses uterine contraction (prevent birth of child too early)
- develops the cervical plug (thick piece of mucus that blocks the opening of your cervix during pregnancy)
- develops the milk glands
d) mobilizes mother-bone calcium (as the child needs Ca too)
e) development of the lungs
What are the 3 types of contraception. Indicate which one(s) can prevent the spreading of STDs as well + provide 1 example for each
- block sperm transport = abstinence, condoms, barriers, sterilization (blocks STDs = condoms or abstinence)
- gamete suppression = birth control pills
- block implantation = IUD, morning-after pill
Describe the two types of sterilizations
- tubal ligation = cutting the fallopian tubes
- vasectomy = cutting the vas vas deferens
a) what does IUD stand for?
b) What is the purpose of an IUD?
c) What does an IUD do?
a) inter uteri device
b) to prevent pregnancy (specifically egg implantation)
c) uses the insertion of a metal T in the uterus to produce a hostile environment
Why should the morning-after pill only be used for emergencies?
it stops ovulation due to inserting a high concentration of hormones but its only temporarily and fertilization may have already taken place
What does parturition mean?
birth
parturition occurs via hormonal control: ______ feedback loop
a) positive
b) negative
a
Describe the steps to birth using the following terms; adrenal gland, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, ACTH, CRH, placenta, positive feedback loop, estriol, prostaglandin, oxytocin, myometrium, labor
- fetal adrenal gland secretes DHEAS + cortisol upon stimulation by ACTH by the anterior pit which was stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus
- cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete CRH producing a positive feedback loop
- DHEAS is converted by the placenta into estriol, which together w/ prostaglandins and oxytocin, stimulates the myometrium (uterus wall) causing labor
How long are the following stages of parturition in humans
a) cervical dilation
b) fetal expulsion
c) fetal membrane expulsion
a) 8h
b) 2h
c) 1h or less
How long does the following take for humans
a) completion of involution (uterus to go back to normal size)
b) resumption of complete ovarian activity
a) 40 to 45 days
b) 6 to 24 months
T or F - b/c its takes from 6 to 24 months for resumption of complete ovarian activity that means during this time you are unable to get pregnant
F - it is possible to get pregnant during this time
