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BIOM3200 > 1. Neurophysiology > Flashcards

1. Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference b/w anatomy and Physiology?

A

Anatomy = the names of the structures of the NS
physiology = the fxn of the structures of the NS

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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of anatomy? What components does each division cover

A
  1. CNS = brain + spinal cord
  2. PNS = peripheral nerves + ganglia
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3
Q

describe the neuron doctrine

A

the NS is made up of discrete individual cells

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4
Q

all neurons either conduct electricity using AP or release NTX as chem signals yet the neurophysiology of humans is quite diverse. How is this possible?

A

Neurophysiology refers to what the NS can do. Its diversity is dependent not on the type of neuron but instead on the neuroanatomy or the source and end point of the neuronal tract that is being stimulated.

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5
Q

What are the 3 main fxns of the NS? describe the types of neurons associated with each

A
  1. Sensory neurons detect external stimuli
  2. Motor neurons control movement
  3. association neurons integrate neuronal activity
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6
Q

What are association neurons responsible for?

A

behavior, thoughts, emotions

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7
Q

What are the 3 structures of the Neuron? Describe each

A
  1. Soma = body of the cell that contains the nucleus and is responsible for integrating info
  2. Dendrite = a process that protrudes from the soma and receives info from sensory receptors
  3. axon = a process that protrudes from the soma and sends out info to other neurons or tissues
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8
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons? Describe which direction they send information wrt the CNS and PNS

A
  1. Afferent/sensory neuron = takes info from PNS and sends it to CNS
  2. association/interneuron = are located in the CNS and help integrate info
  3. efferent/motor neuron = takes info from the CNS and sends it to the PNS
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9
Q

T or F - Somatic motor nerons are associated with voluntary control of the skeletal muscles. Due to the wide spread of skeletal muscles within the PNS it requires multiple processes.

A

F - only has one process

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10
Q

T or F - autonomic motor neurons are associated with involuntary control of many fxns such as smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and many glands. However, due to the diversity of this motor neuron, it contains 2 processes

A

F - skeletal muscles are controlled via somatic motor neurons

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11
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of autonomic neurons? And which one is associated with a green light vs the one associated with a red light? why?

A
  1. sympathetic = green light therefore it speeds up activity
  2. parasympathetic = red light therefore it slows down activity
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12
Q

Put these terms in order: Sensory neuron, Effector, Association neuron, Motor neuron, Response, Stimulus, Receptor, integration center

A

stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, association neuron, motor neuron, effector, response

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons? Include the number of processes. Which is the most abundant?
Bonus: draw each then check

A
  1. pseudopolar/unipolar = contain 1 process that splits
  2. bipolar = contains 2 processes on either side of the soma
  3. multipolar = contains 1 axon and multiple dendric processes (most abundant)
  4. anaxonic = contains many processes with no obvious axon
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14
Q

What are the 2 support cells within the PNS? Describe.

A
  1. Schwann cells = forms the myelin sheath around neuronal axons (INC communication efficiency)
  2. Satellite cells = wraps around cell body (protection + insulation)
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15
Q

What are the 4 support cells within the CNS? Describe. (which is the most abundant?)

A
  1. oligodendrocytes = form the myelin sheath around the neuronal axon (INC communication efficiency)
  2. Microglia = scavenger cell that cleans up debris
  3. Astrocytes (most abundant) = regulate the external environment by influencing interactions b/w the neurons and other components
  4. ependymal cells = maintains the structure
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16
Q

What is the difference b/w Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes (aside from their location)?

A

Schwann cells can only wrap around one process at at time while olig can wrap around many

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17
Q

Organize these supporting cells types into their respective group of CNS or PNS;
a) Satellite cells
b) microglia
c) Ependymal cells
d) Schwann cells
e) oligodendrocytes
f) astrocytes

A

CNS = b, c, e, and f
PNS = a and d

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18
Q

Describe the 7 influenced interactions that astrocytes cause.

A
  1. helps take up K+ as a means of maintaining a proper ionic environment w/in the neurons
  2. take up released glu and transform it back to gln which is then released back into the neuron
  3. take up glu from capillaries, and transforms it into lactate which is metabolized to produce ATP
  4. needed for the formation of synapses
  5. regulates neurogenesis (differentiation of stem cells to either glial or neurons)
  6. helps w/the formation of BBB (blood-brain-barrier)
  7. releases NTX that can stimulate/inhibit neuronal activity
19
Q

What are the 3 conditions that allow for passage into the BBB? Provide 3 examples of molecules that follow these conditions.

A
  1. small
  2. neutral
  3. nonpolar/lipophilic
    ex - oxy, CO2, alcohol, Tylenol, nicotine
20
Q

In order for molecules to get through the BBB they need to be small, neutral, and nonpolar however glucose gets through it all the time despite not following all these conditions. How is this possible?

A

Glucose uses a specific transport protein (GLUT-1) to transport it passed the BBB

21
Q

Name 3 exogenous drugs that can enter the BBB and their effects

A
  1. alcohol = a CNS depressant that affects the brain cells directly
  2. nicotine = activates ACh receptors in place of ACh causing the INC release of dopamine
  3. Tylenol = Inhibits nitric oxide (NO) reducing the feeling of pain
22
Q

If the immune system is able to detect the rabbi’s virus why is it so severe?

A

Rabbi’s is a virus that spreads very quickly toward the brain, and while it can pass the BBB immune cells cannot.

23
Q

T or F - there is no treatment that can slow down or stop rabies

A

F - anti-rabies antibodies can help slow down the infection assuming its before symptoms appear

24
Q

Why is the BBB so relevant for ppl who study neurodegenerative diseases?

A

b/c even if a drug that can cure or slow down a certain neurodegenerative disease is produced it is unlikely to be able to get passed the BBB.

25
Q

A huge difficulty for pharmacologists is getting drugs passed the BBB in order to treat certain diseases. However, doctors at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto seemed to have discovered the first way into providing treatment for a malignant brain tumor. How did they do this?

A

They used a focused ultrasound to noninvasively penetrate the BBB in order to deliver chemotherapeutic agent directly to the tumor

26
Q

Draw the Organization of the NS

A
27
Q

Describe the somatic motor neuron

A

It is a single cell that sends impulses from the spinal cord (CNS) to the neuromuscular jxn (skeletal muscle) to invoke conscious movement.

28
Q

Unlike the somatic NS the autonomic NS appears to have 2 cells. What are the names of these cells and where do they start and finish?

A
  1. preganglionic neuron = CNS –> autonomic ganglion
  2. postganglionic neuron = autonomic ganglion –> involuntary effector (smooth muscle)
29
Q

Name the somatic motor and autonomic motor control associated with the following features;
a) effector organ
b) presence of ganglia
c) number of neurons
d) type of neuromuscluar jxn
e) effect of nerve impulses on muscle
f) type of nerve fibers
g) effect of denervation

A
30
Q

T or F - the subdivisions of the autonomic NS are associated with green light (sympathetic - SNS) and red light (parasympathetic - PSNS). Therefore the SNS must initiates activity and the PSNS must terminates activity

A

F - the SNS speeds up or INC activity while the PSNS slows down or DEC activity

31
Q

Give an example of a response/behaviour associated w/ SNS and PSNS

A

SNS = fight or flight
PSNS = digestion, rest

32
Q

T or F - all organs in the human body receive input in both the SNS and the PSNS

A

F - most do but not all

33
Q

Wrt the Autonomic NS there appear to be organs that have dual innervation. What does this mean?

A

IT means those organs are associated with both the SNS and the PSNS

34
Q

Name 4 organs that do not have dual innervation. Which one is an evolutionary adaptation for humans?

A
  1. adrenal medulla (gland on the kidney)
  2. arrector pili muscles in the skin (muscles that make your hair stand on end when you get goosebumps) [evolutionary adaptation)
  3. sweat glands
  4. most BVs
35
Q

How are non-dual innervation organs regulated?

A

the firing rate of the fibers w/in the SNS

36
Q

T or F - the location of the tract distinguishes whether the SNS or the PSNS is applied to a specific dual-innervated organ.

A

F - No the NTX being released it what distinguished the two sys

37
Q

What is the name of a neuron that releases the NTX ACh? NE or E?

A

ACh = cholinergic neurons
NE or E = Adrenergic neurons

38
Q

What are the 3 NXT associated with the Autonomic NS? How do they influence cells?

A
  1. ACh = inhibit
  2. NE = activate
  3. E = activate
39
Q

Draw the PSNS outflow. include the following terms;
CNS, Ganglion, Effector, neuroeffector jxn, ACh, cholinergic, adrenergic, NE/E, preganglionic axon, postganglionic axon.

Note = not all of these terms will be included and some may be written multiple times

A
40
Q

Draw the SNS outflow. include the following terms;
CNS, Ganglion, Effector, neuroeffector jxn, ACh, cholinergic, adrenergic, NE/E, preganglionic axon, postganglionic axon.

Note = not all of these terms will be included and some may be written multiple times

A
41
Q

Which NXT is used by both the PSNS and the SNS?

A

ACh

42
Q

What is the most common disease that effects the ANS (autonomic NS)? What happens?

A

lime disease = disrupts the immune response preventing the body from fighting infections

43
Q

Describe Synesthesia. What are two types of synesthesia? Provide an example for each.

A

a condition where an indiv can perceive more than one sense simultaneously
1. Chromothesia = where musicians can hear and see color
2. Numerical Synesthei = Where someone with savant syndrome (high fxning autism) can hear and see numbers

BIOM3200 (18 decks)

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