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BIOM3200 > 11. Gametogenesis > Flashcards

11. Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

a) What does the release of LH do? - 2
b) What does the release of FSH do? - 2
c) where does this all occur?

A

a) causes the Leydig/interstitial cell to produce testosterone
b) causes the Sertoli cells to develop sperm
c) in the testes

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2
Q

Where do the Sertoli and Leydig cells reside w/in the testis?

A

the seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

Where is sperm developed in the testis?

A

the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

Which of the following are developed sperm?
a) spermatogonia
b) spermatozoa
c) sperm
d) spermatogenesis

A

b

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5
Q

Which of the following are sperm stem cells?
a) spermatogonia
b) spermatozoa
c) sperm
d) spermatogenesis

A

a

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6
Q

Which of the following is the development of sperm cells?
a) spermatogonia
b) spermatozoa
c) sperm
d) spermatogenesis

A

d

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7
Q

a) what is spermatogonia?
b) Where in the seminiferous tubules are spermatogonia located?

A

a) stem cells of sperm
b) the basement membrane = outer most layer

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8
Q

Lable the image based on the following
a) lumen of seminiferous tubule
b) basement membrane
c) spermatozoa

A

a) yellow
b) green
c) blue

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9
Q

Describe the 6 step of spermatogenesis using the following terms; spermatogonia, mitosis, meiosis, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, basement membrane, stem cell, lumen, diploid, haploid, spermiogenesis

A
  1. the spermatogonia (stem cells) undergo mitosis
  2. one daughter cell remains in the basement membrane as a stem cell (spermatogonia)
  3. the other daughter cell acts as the primary spermatocyte
  4. the primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division giving rise to 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
  5. the secondary spermatocyte undergoes the second meiotic division giving rise to 4 haploid spermatids
  6. the spermatids undergo spermiogenesis resulting in the production of spermatozoa
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10
Q

a) What is oligospermia also known as?
b) when does it occur?

A

a) decreased fertility
b) when you produce less than 20 million/ml sperm

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11
Q

Match the following to the image
a) lumen of seminiferous tubule
b) primary spermatocytes
c) spermatids
d) wall of seminiferous tubule
e) spermatogonia
f) secondary spermatocytes
g) Sertoli cell
h) cytoplasmic droplets
i) spermatozoa

A

a) light green
b) dark green
c) dark blue
d) pink
e) purple
f) brown
g) orange
h) light blue
i) yellow

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12
Q

Put the following terms in order
a) primary spermatocyte
b) spermatogonia
c) secondary spermatocytes
d) spermatids
e) spermatozoa

A

b -> a -> c -> d -> e

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13
Q

What does the term “immunological infertility” mean

A

it means that the body doesn’t recognize developing sperm as ‘self’ thus the immune sys will attack it

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14
Q

The body sees developing sperm as foreign and thus tries to attack it. What are the 2 measures for preventing this?

A
  1. blood-testis barrier = the tight basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules
  2. Sertoli cells = they produce FAS-ligand that binds to the FAS-receptors on T-cells triggering apoptosis
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15
Q

ejaculated sperm has a life span of about 80h thus how is it able to be maintained in the cervix?

A

the cervical mucus helps maintain the spermatozoa

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16
Q

When migrating in the genital tract spermatozoa rapidly separate from the _______ and are resuspended in the female _______

A

seminal plasma, genital fluid

17
Q

What are the 2 requirements of spermatozoa to fertilize an egg?

A
  1. the spermatozoa must undergo capacitation
  2. the spermatozoa must reach the egg directly
18
Q

What eliminates most spermatozoa from fertilization?

A

phagocytosis

19
Q

What happens to damaged spermatozoa?

A

they are carried back to the cervix by the ciliated cells where they are engulfed

20
Q

What is the importance of capacitation

A

the process that allows for spermatozoa to penetrate the egg membrane

21
Q

T or F - all organisms that sexually reproduce require the capacitation step for spermatozoa in order to undergo fertilization

A

F - non-mammalians do not

22
Q

Describe the following wrt Capacitation
a) epididymal
b) ejaculated
c) capacitated

A

a) the spermatozoa w/in the testis that contains proteins and carbs on its surface in order to protect the mech needed for egg penetration
b) the ejaculated spermatozoa that are coated w/ seminal plasma proteins that protect the mech needed to penetrate the egg
c) When the spermatozoa is exposed to the female tract where the surface proteins are removed exposing the mech needed to penetrate the egg

23
Q

Which of the following matches the image best
a) spermatozoa
b) ejaculated
c) capacitated
d) epididymal

A

d

24
Q

Which of the following matches the image best
a) spermatozoa
b) ejaculated
c) capacitated
d) epididymal

A

b

25
Q

Which of the following matches the image best
a) spermatozoa
b) ejaculated
c) capacitated
d) epididymal

A

c

26
Q

match the following w/ the image
a) acrosomal cap
b) mitochondria
c) middle piece
d) head
e) tail
f) nucleus

A

a) yellow
b) orange
c) light blue
d) dark blue
e) pink
f) green

27
Q

Put the following wall of the egg that the spermatozoa must penetrate in order
a) zona pellucida
b) inner acrosomal membrane
c) perivitelline space
d) corona radiata
e) plasma membrane of egg

A

d -> b -> a -> c -> e

28
Q

What is the patch of sperm plasma membrane?

A

the area where the sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the egg

29
Q

Describe the following
a) in-vitro fertilization
b) artificial insemination

A

a) harvesting and fertilizing an egg in a lab then replanting it into a recipient
b) harvesting the sperm and injecting it into the uterus of the recipient

30
Q

match the following to the image
a) Corpus Cavernosa
b) corpus spongiosa
c) arteries
d) veins

A

a) blue
b) red
c) green
d) yellow

31
Q

What is the fxn of the corpus spongiosa?

A

surrounds the urethra keeping it from closing during ejaculation

32
Q

Describe the 7 steps to an erection using the following terms; nitric oxide (NO), arterioles (arteries), corpus cavernosa, vasodilate, parasympathetic nerve, blood, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), GTP, guanylate cyclase (cGMP), Ca, veins

A
  1. the parasympathetic nerve releases NO to VSMC
  2. activates cGMP using GTP
  3. cGMP closes Ca channels resulting in a decreased cytoplasmic Ca
  4. the smooth muscle relaxes resulting in vasodilation (widening of BV) of arterioles
  5. more blood flows into the corpus cavernosa
  6. the veins contract the prevent back flow of blood
  7. erection
33
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

the widening of BV due to the adjacent muscular walls relaxing

34
Q

What is the NXT that mediates an erection

A

nitric oxide

35
Q

erections don’t happen forever so what causes the termination of an erection? (4 steps)

A
  1. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) catalyzes the cGMP into GMP
  2. influx of Ca into the cell
  3. smooth muscle to contract preventing the blood flow
  4. no erection
36
Q

How does Viagra promote erection? (3 steps)

A
  1. inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  2. cGMP continues to be produced
  3. erection promoted
37
Q

Describe the Ig Nobel prize?

A

its an achievement for something that sound funny and irrelevant but then makes you think

38
Q

There was an Ig Nobel prize that uses Viagra to cure hamster jetlag. What is the significance of this?

A

it showed that cGMP levels speeds up the internal body clock in the brain temporarily. This change in the circadian rhythm has been tide to many disorders cause by changes to ones circadian rhythm

BIOM3200 (18 decks)

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