9. Endocrine control of Male & Female Reproduction

Question 1

match the correct hormone or tissue to the male gonad axis wrt the following sections
a) hypothalamic hormone - 1
b) anterior pit hormone - 2
c) endocrine targets, hormones they secrete - 2
d) non-endocrine targets - 1

Answer 1

a) GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone
b) FSH + LH = gonadotropins
c) endocrine cells of the gonads release androgens
d) testies

Question 2

match the correct hormone or tissue to the female gonad axis wrt the following sections
a) hypothalamic hormone - 1
b) anterior pit hormone - 2
c) endocrine targets, hormones they secrete - 2
d) non-endocrine targets - 1

Answer 2

a) GnRH - gonad releasing hormone
b) FSH + LH
c) endocrine cells of the gonads release estrogens + progesterone’s
d) ovaries

Question 3

Match the following hormones to their target cells. What does each cell do?
a) Sertoli cell - 2
b) leydig cell - 2
1. LH
2. FSH

Answer 3

a) 2 = produces sperm development
b) 1 = produces testosterone

Question 4

What are the two kinds of gonadotropins?

Answer 4

FSH + LH

Question 5

Which of the following hormones have a negative feedback to the anterior pituitary gland and/or to the hypothalamus. Indicate specifics
a) FSH
b) LH

Answer 5

a) feedback to anterior pit only
b) feedback to both anterior pit and hypothalamus

Question 6

We know that the leydig cells produce testosterone but what does that do?

Answer 6

its important for the development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 7

How dose the seminiferous tubules relate to testis? - 3

Answer 7

they are the tubes in the testis that contain sperm and are located beside the leydig cells

Question 8

What does testosterone do at each time period below?
a) fetal - 1
b) puberty/maturity - 5

Answer 8

a) produces external genitalia
b)
- maturation of male reproductive sys
- sex drive
- secondary characteristics
- bone + muscles production/growth
- brain development

Question 9

Why do anabolic steroids INC infertility in male?

Answer 9

the steroid used has a similar structure to testosterone and thus mimics the effects of testosterone. Therefore it looks like you are producing too much testosterone triggering the negative feedback causing a DEC in libido

Question 10

What is metandienone?

Answer 10

its an anabolic steroid

Question 11

There was a new method to male birth control describe it - 5

Answer 11

the act of taking anabolic steroid. This DEC fertility b/c it mimics testosterone making the sys think that there is too much testosterone present. This in turn triggers a negative feedback towards the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland to DEC secretion of GnRH and LH + FSH resulting in less production of actual testosterone and a lower fertility

Question 12

Match the following terms to the following image of a mature graafian follicle. Which parts are released during mensuration
a) granulosa cells
b) Zona pellucida
c) theca interna
d) antrum
e) corona radiata
f) secondary oocyte

Answer 12

e, b, + f

Question 13

Put the following step in order wrt the cycling of endocrine hormones characterizes female reproductive physiology
1 - Uterus gets ready for pregnancy, then is stripped of lining if implantation doesn’t occur
2 - Ovaries produce eggs
3 - Ant. pituitary hormones act on the ovaries
4 - Ovaries produce hormones that act on the
uterus

Answer 13

3 -> 2 -> 4 -> 1

Question 14

the ovaries contain _____ follicles that mature into ______ follicles due to the _____ which is stimulated by the anterior pituitary

Answer 14

primary, secondary, FSH

Question 15

a) What are the 2 cycles involved in the female reproductive physiology - 2
b) What are the hormones involved in each - 4

Answer 15

1. ovarian cycle = FSH + LH
2. menstrual/uterine cycle = estrogen + progesterone

Question 16

T of F - the Ovarian cycle occurs first followed by the menstrual cycle

Answer 16

F - they occur at the same time

Question 17

on this chart indicate where the ovarian cycles occur and where the mensural cycle occurs

Answer 17

Question 18

what are the 3 phases during the ovarian cycle (correct order) - 3

Answer 18

1. follicular phase
2. ovulation
3. luteal phase

Question 19

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle? (correct order) - 3

Answer 19

1. menstruation
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase
4. menstruation

Question 20

What is the endometrial?

Answer 20

the spiral arteries responsible for menstruation in females

Question 21

Describe the 3 things that occur in stage 0 of the ovarian/menstruation cycle

Answer 21

1. INC of gonadotropins (FSH + LH)
2. maturation of ovarian follicles due to FSH
3. menstrual bleeding begins

Question 22

Describe the 2 things that occur in stage 1 (follicular phase) of the ovarian/menstruation cycle
a) ovaries
b) uterus

Answer 22

1. ovaries = DEC of FSH + INC of LH
2. uterus = INC estrogen which stims endometrial growth

Question 23

during the follicular phase, estrogen inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH. Why?

Answer 23

this prevents the maturation of another follicle w/in the same cycle (cycle in which an follicle is already being matured)

Question 24

Describe the 2 things that occur in stage 2 (ovulation phase) of the ovarian/menstruation cycle

Answer 24

1. Estrogen stimulates an LH surge which causes the mature follicle to dissolve resulting in its matrix rupturing. This rupture releases the mature follicle (oocyte/egg)
2. the matrix then forms the corpus lutem

Question 25

Describe the 3 things that occur in stage 3 (early to mid luteal phase) of the ovarian/menstruation cycle

Answer 25

1. the formed corpus lutem produces progesterone + estrogen which suppresses the gonadotropins (FSH + LH) 2. ovaries = at the beginning the lutem develops then it regresses later 3. uterus = The endometrium wall thickens due to the progesterone in anticipation of pregnancy.

Question 26

Describe the 3 things that occur in stage 4 (late luteal phase) of the ovarian/menstruation cycle

Answer 26

1. DEC of estrogen + progesterone -> INC of gondatropins (FSH + LH) 2. ovaries = corpus luteum lives for 12 days than undergoes apoptosis 3. Due to the DEC of progesterone (lack of fertilization) the endometrium vasculature contracts and dies -> menstruation

Question 27

Describe the following stages in the ovarian cycle. include changes in gonadotropin secretion a) follicular phase - 3 b) ovulation phase - 3 c) luteal phase - 3

Answer 27

a) development of the follicle until maturation - FSH INC at the beginning then DEC as the follicle matures - INC of LH b) release of the mature follicle (oocyte/egg) through the fallopian tubes - a surge of LH then sudden DEC of LH - small INC then DEC of FSH c) formation and development of the corpus luteum followed by its regression 12 days later if fertilization doesn't occur - FSH = stable with slight INC after regression - LH = stable w/ slight DEC after regression

Question 28

Describe the following stages in the menstrual cycle. include changes in ovarian hormone secretion (estrogen/progesterone) a) initial menstruation - 3 b) proliferative phase - 3 c) secretory phase - 3 d) final menstruation - 3

Answer 28

a) menstrual bleeding - estrogen > progesterone but both are stable b) formation of the endometrium - INC of estrogen - stable progesterone (low level) c) strengthening of the endometrium walls (anticipation of pregnancy) - Estrogen = DEC initially followed by an INC near the end - INC of progesterone followed by a DEC near the end (assuming no fertilization occurs) c) endometrium vasculature contracts and dies -> menstruation - DEC of both but estrogen stables at a higher level than progesterone

Question 29

which hormone secretion pattern does this show? (line indicates the middle of ovulation) a) LH b) FSH c) progesterone d) estrogen

Answer 29

a

Question 30

which hormone secretion pattern does this show? (line indicates the middle of ovulation) a) LH b) FSH c) progesterone d) estrogen

Answer 30

b

Question 31

which hormone secretion pattern does this show? (line indicates the middle of ovulation) a) LH b) FSH c) progesterone d) estrogen

Answer 31

c

Question 32

which hormone secretion pattern does this show? (line indicates the middle of ovulation) a) LH b) FSH c) progesterone d) estrogen

Answer 32

d

Question 33

Why do women who want to know when they ovulate check their temp?

Answer 33

Its b/c after the LH peak (ovulation) progesterone INC in anticipation of pregnancy causing the body temp to INC

Question 34

Why do women get PMS?

Answer 34

there is a link b/w the HPG hormones and NTX that act on the brain resulting in a change of mood

Question 35

What are contraceptive pills?

Answer 35

they are synthetic estrogen and progesterone that causes an inhibitor of gonadotropins due to their negative feedback which in turn stimulates a false luteal phase (makes the body think ovulation has already occurred)

Question 36

What happens at menopause?

Answer 36

due to lack of folliclar depletion (no more eggs) estrogen stops secreting. Thus the body tries to maintain its sestrogent levels by INC adipose tissue

Question 37

INC order to DEC the symptoms of menopause there were two studies of hormone replacement therapy. Describe the following including why they were stopped a) estrogen-progesterone study b) estrogen-only study

Answer 37

a) provided estrogen and progesterone however it INC risk for breast cancer and heart problems b) provided just estrogen (thought progesterone was the problem) however it INC risk of stroke