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BIOM3200 > Immune and Blood 1 > Flashcards

Immune and Blood 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the humoral theory

A

the idea that there are 4 fluids/humors that make up the human body

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2
Q

What are the 4 humors associated w/ the humoral theory?

A
  1. blood
  2. phlegm
  3. black bile
  4. yellowbile
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3
Q

all of the following are associated w/ the yellow bile in the humoral theory except
a) water
b) summer
c) choleric
d) all of them are associated

A

a - fire

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4
Q

all of the following are associated w/ black bile in the humoral theory except
a) earth
b) summer
c) melancholic
d) all of them are associated

A

b - autumn

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5
Q

all of the following are associated w/ phlegm in the humoral theory except
a) water
b) winter
c) sanguine
d) all of them are associated

A

c - phlegmatic

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6
Q

all of the following are associated w/ blood in the humoral theory except
a) air
b) spring
c) sanguine
d) all of them are associated

A

d

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7
Q

According to the humoral theory how is health achieved?

A

by balancing out the humors as imbalance will cause illness

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8
Q

Match the following
a) blood
b) yellow bile
c) black bile
d) phlegm
1. summer
2. winter
3. autumn
4. spring

A

a) 4
b) 1
c) 3
d) 2

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9
Q

Match the following
a) blood
b) yellow bile
c) black bile
d) phlegm
1. water
2. fire
3. earth
4. air

A

a) 4
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1

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10
Q

Match the following
a) blood
b) yellow bile
c) black bile
d) phlegm
1. choleric
2. phlegmatic
3. melancholic
4. sanguine

A

a) 1
b) 4
c) 3
d) 2

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11
Q

fill in the blanks using the following
a) cold
b) hot
c) dry
d) wet

A

a) green
b) blue
c) yellow
d) pink

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12
Q

If someone had a cold they have an imbalance of humor more specifically excess of ______.
a) blood
b) yellow bile
c) black bile
d) phlegm

A

d - shivers = cold + runny nose = wet
wet + cold -> phlegm

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13
Q

What behaviour/temperament is associated w/ the following
a) sanguine
b) melancholic
c) phlegmatic
d) choleric

A

a) cheerful/energetic
b) quick-tempered/argumentative
c) sad/depressed
d) calm/slow to react

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14
Q

According to the Humoral Theory, how would you treat the following
a) relieve excess humor
b) fever

A

a) bloodletting as a means of DEC the excess humor or by INC another opposite humor
b) yellow bile = hot + dry thus eating something cold and wet (cucumber) will cure it

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15
Q

What are 4 reasons why the humoral theory lasted for so long?

A
  1. books that were written about these findings were widely distributed to universities
  2. respected tradition + frowned upon challenging notions
  3. church supported the theory
  4. it made common sense to ppl
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16
Q

What are the 3 substances that are transported through the circulatory sys?

A
  1. gases (RBC)
  2. nutrients
  3. waste
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17
Q

what are the 2 ways that the circulatory sys regulates the body?

A
  1. hormones
  2. temperature
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18
Q

What are 2 ways the circulatory sys protects the body?

A
  1. clotting
  2. immune response
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19
Q

What are the 2 fxns of the circulatory sys?

A
  1. regulation/homeostasis
  2. protection
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20
Q

a) blood consists of formed elements which are ______, _______, and ______
b) these formed elements are suspended in a fluid called _____.

A

a) RBC, WBC, platelets
b) plasms

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21
Q

fill in the image using the following
a) formed elements
b) plasma

A

a) yellow
b) pink

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22
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) basophils
d) lymphocytes
e) monocytes

A

a

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23
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) basophils
d) lymphocytes
e) monocytes

A

b

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24
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) platelets
b) eosinophils
c) basophils
d) lymphocytes
e) monocytes

A

c

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25
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) platelets
b) eosinophils
c) basophils
d) lymphocytes
e) monocytes

A

d

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26
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) neutrophils
b) erythrocytes
c) basophils
d) platelets
e) monocytes

A

e

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27
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) neutrophils
b) erythrocytes
c) basophils
d) lymphocytes
e) platelets

A

e

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28
Q

What type of cell is this?
a) platelets
b) eosinophils
c) erythrocytes
d) lymphocytes
e) monocytes

A

c

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29
Q

a) what is hematopoiesis?
b) what does HSC stand for?

A

a) the formation of blood cells
b) hematopoietic stem cells

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30
Q

_______ is a major hematopoietic organ of the fetus
a) pancreas
b) liver
c) bone marrow
d) heart
e) lungs

A

b

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31
Q

_______ is a major hematopoietic organ after birth
a) pancreas
b) liver
c) bone marrow
d) heart
e) lungs

A

c

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32
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> segmented neutrophil? - 4

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> granulocyte-monocyte progenitor -> segmented neutrophil

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33
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> macrophage? - 5

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> granulocyte-monocyte progenitor -> monocyte -> macrophage

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34
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> eosinophil? - 4

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> eosinophil-basophil progenitor -> eosinophil

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35
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> Basophil? - 4

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> eosinophil-basophil progenitor -> basophil

36
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> mast cell? - 3

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> mast cell

37
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> erythrocyte? - 4

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor -> erthrocyte

38
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> platelets? - 4

A

HSC -> common myeloid progenitor -> megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor -> platelets

39
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> dendritic cells? - 3

A

HSC -> common lymphoid progenitor -> dendritic cell

40
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> plasma cell - 4?

A

HSC -> common lymphoid progenitor -> Pre-B -> B lymphocyte -> plasma cell

41
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> B lymphocyte- 3?

A

HSC -> common lymphoid progenitor -> Pre-B -> B lymphocyte

42
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> T lymphocyte- 3?

A

HSC -> common lymphoid progenitor -> Pre-T -> T lymphocyte

43
Q

What is the pathway for the development from an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) -> Natural killer cell - 3?

A

HSC -> common lymphoid progenitor -> natural killer cell

44
Q

a) Describe erythropoiesis
b) erythrocytes are also known as what?
c) what are erythroblasts?
d) which hormone stimulates the differentiation of erythroblasts?
e) what is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

a) the process of producing RBCs using bone marrow
b) RBCs
c) RBC progenitor cells
d) EPO = erythropoietin
e) 120 days

45
Q

Put the following erythropoiesis steps in order. Indicate in which step erythropoietin (EPO) is used.
a) reticulocyte
b) erythroblast
c) proerythroblast
d) erythrocytes
e) hemocytoblast
f) normoblast

A

e -> c -(EPO)-> b -> f -> a -> d

46
Q

a) What is this?
b) this is made up of _____ globin proteins, each with a _____ group that contains a(n) ____ atom
c) How does this relate to oxygen exchange

A

a) Hb = hemoglobin
b) 4, heme, fe/iron
c) the iron atom combines w/ the oxygen for gas exchange

47
Q

What gives blood its red colour?

A

hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen makes the blood appear red in colour

48
Q

a) what are senescent RBCs?
b) What is hemolysis?
c) where does hemolysis occur?
d) what is the purpose of transferrin?
e) how do Fe atoms enter RBCs?

A

a) RBCs that have been removed from circulation
b) the process of phagocytes recycling the Fe atoms from senescent RBCs
c) spleen and liver
d) its a protein carrier that transports the recycled Fe atom to the bone marrow
e) via receptor-mediated endocytosis = binds to receptors that trigger endocytosis

49
Q

where are the progenitor cells for blood cells and platelets found?

A

bone marrow

50
Q

match the following blood cells/platelets to their source
a) thrombocytes
b) neutrophils
c) lymphocytes
d) monocytes
e) basophils
1. megakaryocytes
2. lymphocyte progenitor cells
3. myeloid progenitor cells

A
  1. a
  2. c
  3. b, d, e
51
Q

Thrombocytes are also known as
a) platelets
b) RBCs
c) T cells
d) B cells
e) blood stem cells

52
Q

match the following
a) RBC
b) WBC
c) platelets
d) blood plasma
e) buffy coat

A

a) blue
b) pink or orange
c) pink or orange
d) yellow
e) green

53
Q

In a centrifuge blood sample which of the following would have the highest density?
a) WBC
b) RBC
c) platelets
d) plasma fluid
e) all of the above have equal density

54
Q

What are the 3 components of formed elements w/in blood

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
55
Q

blood is made up of all of the following except
a) RBC
b) platelets
c) WBC
d) thrombocytes
e) all of the above

56
Q

What are the 4 measurements associated w/ blood samples?

A
  1. hematocrit levels = how much of a person’s blood is made up of RBCs
  2. hemoglobin levels = max level of oxygen that each RBC can carry (amount of hemoglobin in RBCs)
  3. RBC count
  4. WBC count
57
Q

when taking a blood sample they found that ______ has a larger hematocrit level than _______
a) females, males
b) males, females
c) humans, primates
d) none of the above

58
Q

when taking a blood sample they found that ______ has a larger hemoglobin level than _______
a) females, males
b) males, females
c) humans, primates
d) none of the above

59
Q

Which complement pathway is this showing
a) classical
b) lectin
c) alternative
d) all of the above

60
Q

Which complement pathway is this showing
a) classical
b) lectin
c) alternative
d) all of the above

61
Q

Which complement pathway is this showing
a) classical
b) lectin
c) alternative
d) all of the above

62
Q

Which complement pathway is this showing
a) classical
b) lectin
c) alternative
d) all of the above

63
Q

the _____ pathway is continuously active at low level while the ______ pathway has high level activity
a) classical, leptin
b) leptin, alternative
c) alternative, classical
d) leptin, classical
e) alternative, leptin

64
Q

match the following
a) spontaneous hydrolysis
b) antigen-antibody binding
c) mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
1. classical pathway
2. lectin pathway
3. alternative pathway

A

a) 3
b) 1
c) 2

65
Q

Describe the 2 types of immunity

A
  1. innate = non-specific and quick response to antigen
  2. adaptive = specific and slow acting response to angtigen
66
Q

Describe the following wrt the purpose of non-fixed complement fragments
a) chemotaxis
b) opsonization
c) stimulation of histamine release

A

a) attraction of phagocytic cells to the site of complement activation
b) form bridges b/w the phagocytes and victim cells (facilitate phagocytosis)
c) C3a + C5a (fragments) stimulate the release of histamines which induces vasodilation of the BV allowing for more phagocytes to arrive

67
Q

T or F - all microbes are bad

A

F - microbiome

68
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

the overall collection of microbes that reside w/in a humans body

69
Q

T or F - both environmental and genetic factors influence the microbiome

70
Q

What is the significance of the microbiome wrt immunity?

A

it plays a critical role in the training and development of the immune sys

71
Q

What are the 3 components w/in blood plasma? Match the percentage for each
a) 1%
b) 7%
c) 92%

A

a) dissolved solutes (Na), elements (vit) + gases (O2)
b) organic molecules (plasma proteins)
c) water

72
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood when put in a blood sample centrifuge? Indicate from lowest to the highest density

A
  1. blood plasma
  2. buffy coat
  3. formed elements
73
Q

describe the 3 plasma proteins found in blood

A
  1. fibrinogen = important for the formation of clots
  2. globulin = transportation of lipids, fat-soluble vitamins + antibodies
  3. albumins = provide the osmotic pressures allowing for water to be drawn from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries
74
Q

the following are considered organic molecules found in the blood plasma except
a) oxygen
b) enzymes
c) fibrinogen
d) lipids
e) all of the above are found

75
Q

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

76
Q

Describe the fxn for the following types of globulins
a) alpha
b) beta
c) gamma

A

a) transportation of lipids
b) transportation of fat-soluble vitamins
c) transportation of antibodies

77
Q

All of the following types of plasma proteins are produced in the liver except
a) fibrinogen
b) alpha globulins
c) beta globulins
d) gamma globulins
e) albumins

78
Q

what would be the result of a plasma transfusion of blood from a young mouse into an older mouse?

A

rejuvenation of physical and mental attributes from the older mouse

79
Q

antibodies target pathogenic bacteria however this doesn’t result in them being destroyed. How is this possible?

A

the Abs just mark the pathogenic bacteria which is recognized by the innate immune cells = macrophages and neutrophils

80
Q

What are the two ways that marked pathogenic bacteria can get attacked?

A
  1. innate immune cells
  2. complement = a defense sys of serum
81
Q

ANS the following wrt the complement pathways
a) how many complement proteins are present in the plasma?
b) what activates the complement proteins?
c) What do they do when they are activated?
d) What are the 3 subdivisions of complement proteins?

A

a) 9
b) attachment of Abs to the antigen (marker)
c) recognizes the Abs-antigen complex and attacks it
d) recognition, activation, attack

82
Q

indicate which complement protein is needed for each complement protein subdivision
a) recognition
b) activation
c) attack

A

a) C1
b) C2, C3, C4
c) C5, C6, C7, C8, C9

83
Q

What is the purpose of the complement pathway?

A

to generate a macromolecular membrane attack complex that will destroy the antigen

84
Q

Describe the following types of complement pathways
a) classical
b) lectin
c) alternative

A

a) Ab-antigen complex –> C1 activated –> C2 + C4 activated –> C3 convertase formed –> C3 activated –> C5 convertase formed –> C5 activated –> MAC formed
b) mannose binding lectin (MBL) –> C1-like activated –> C2 + C4 activated –> C3 convertase formed –> C3 activated –> C5 convertase formed –> C5 activated –> MAC formed
c) hydrolysis of C3 –> C3b binds to microbial surfaces –> Factor B activated –> C3 convertase formed –> C3 activated –> C5 convertase formed –> C5 activated –> MAC formed

85
Q

Describe the 7 steps to the classical complement pathway using the following term; C1 complex, C4, C2, C3 convertase, C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C5 convertase, cleave, activate, membrane attack complex (MAC)

A
  1. C1 complex activates C2 + C4 by cleaving it
  2. C4 + C2 bind to form C3 convertase
  3. C3 convertase activates C3 by cleaving it
  4. C3 binds to C3 convertase to form C5 convertase
  5. C5 convertase activates C5 by cleaving it
  6. C5 binds to C6, C7, C8, and C9 to from MAC
  7. MAC recognizes and attacks the marked antigen
86
Q

Describe the 7 steps to the leptin complement pathway using the following term; C1-like complex, C4, C2, C3 convertase, C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C5 convertase, cleave, activate, membrane attack complex (MAC)

A
  1. C1-like complex activates C2 + C4 by cleaving it
  2. C4 + C2 bind to form C3 convertase
  3. C3 convertase activates C3 by cleaving it
  4. C3 binds to C3 convertase to form C5 convertase
  5. C5 convertase activates C5 by cleaving it
  6. C5 binds to C6, C7, C8, and C9 to from MAC
  7. MAC recognizes and attacks the marked antigen
87
Q

Describe the 7 steps to the alternative complement pathway using the following term; Factor B, microbial surface, C3b, hydrolysis, C3 convertase, C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C5 convertase, cleave, activate, membrane attack complex (MAC), Factor D

A
  1. C3b binds to the microbial surface due to spontaneous hydrolysis if C3
  2. factor B binds to C3b
  3. Factor D activates Factor B by cleaving it
  4. C3 convertase is formed
  5. C3 convertase activates C3 by cleaving it
  6. C3 binds to C3 convertase to form C5 convertase
  7. C5 convertase activates C5 by cleaving it
  8. C5 binds to C6, C7, C8, and C9 to from MAC
  9. MAC recognizes and attacks the marked antigen

BIOM3200 (19 decks)

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