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BIOM3200 > 5. Hypothalamus – ANTERIOR pituitary gland -peripheral target axes > Flashcards

5. Hypothalamus – ANTERIOR pituitary gland -peripheral target axes Flashcards

1
Q

Use the following terms to draw a flow chart of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary gland - peripheral target axes; the hypothalamus, H1, H2, H3, anterior pituitary cell, tissue response, main circulation, BVs, target tissue, endocrine gland, non-endocrine tissues

A
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2
Q

Label this image

A
  1. anterior pituitary
  2. hypothalamus
  3. posterior pituitary
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3
Q

There are 2 sections of the pituitary gland that are both regulated by the _______________. the _________ pituitary is considered an endocrine gland that secretes hormones. While the ___________ pituitary contains the extension of neural tissue

A

hypothalamus, anterior, posterior

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4
Q

based on the image match the following parts to the colours
a) pars tuberails
b) pars distails
c) posterior lobe
d) hypothalamus
e) pars intermedia
f) infundibulum

A

a) yellow
b) green
c) orange
d) dark blue
e) light blue
f) pink

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5
Q

Name the 6 hormones that are released by the anterior pituitary gland.

A
  1. prolactin
  2. TSH
  3. ACTH
  4. GH
  5. FSH
  6. LH
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6
Q

Names the tissues that each of these hormones are released to
a) TSH - 1
b) ACTH - 1
c) FSH + LH - 2
d) GH - 3
c) Prolactin - 1

A

a) thyroid
b) adrenal cortex
c) ovaries/testes
d) bone + muscle + fat tissue
e) mammary gland

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7
Q

What are the 7 hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A
  1. PIH = dopamine
  2. PRH = prolactin-releasing hormone
  3. TRH = thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  4. CRH = corticotropin-relasing hormone
  5. GHIH = somatostatin
  6. GHRH = growth hormone releasing hormone
  7. GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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8
Q

Match the following fxns to the terms; PIH, PRH, TRH, CRH, GHIH, GHRH, GnRH.
a) stimulates the secretion of growth hormone
b) inhibits the secretion of growth hormone
c) inhibits the secretion of prolactin
d) regulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
e) regulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
f) stimulates the release of prolactin
g) regulates the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormones, LH, and FSH

A

a) GHRH
b) GHIH
c) PIH
d) TRH
e) CRH
f) PRH
g) GnFH

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9
Q

Draw the flow chart for the adrenal cortex axis. include the following sections
a) hypothalamic hormone - 1
b) anterior pit hormone - 1
c) endocrine target hormones they secrete - 2
d) non-endocrine targets - 1

A

a) CRH
b) ACTH
c) Adrenal cortex + cortisol
d) many tissues

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10
Q

Name the 3 hormones involved in the adrenal cortex axis. Include which of the following releases them
a) hypothalamus
b) anterior pituitary
c) adrenal cortex

A

a) CRH = corticotropin relseaing hormone
b) ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone
c) cortisol = glucocorticoid

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11
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

a chronic stress hormone

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12
Q

How and where is the CRH synthesized and released from in the hypothalamus?

A

where = from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
how = the pre-proCRH gene expresses the neuroendocrine cells that produce CRH

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13
Q

Based on this image where is the paraventricular nucleus located?

A

the red region near the top of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates a _______ release of CRH
a) pulsatile
b) constant
c) low rate
d) hight rate
e) none of the above

A

a

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15
Q

Where is the CRH released at?
a) the paravocellular neuroendrocien cells
b) the median eminence of the 3rd ventricle
c) the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
d) the anterior pituitary gland

A

b

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16
Q

What hormone is stimulated by the CRH w/in the anterior pituitary gland

A

ACTH

17
Q

How does the CRH get from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

via the blood vessels

18
Q

What gene is the ACTH from?

A

POMC

19
Q

Where in the body does the adrenal gland lye?

A

on top of the kidney

20
Q

What endocrine target does the ACTH target?

A

the adrenal cortex

21
Q

the adrenal cortex is known as the steroid factory. What does this mean? - 2

A

the adrenal gland produces and releases cortisol which is a steroid

22
Q

What are the 3 classes of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? Which one is not controlled by ACTH?

A
  1. cortisol = glucocorticoids
  2. sex steroids
  3. mineralcorticoids - not by ACTH
23
Q

T or F - all steroid hormones are secreted by the same region of the adrenal cortex

A

F - they are secreted by different regions

24
Q

label the following based on the colour
a) Adrenal cortex
b) adrenal medulla
c) connective tissue capsule
d) Zona fasciculata
e) Zona glomeruli
f) Zona reticularis

A

a) orange
b) purple
c) pink
d) green
e) yellow
f) blue

25
Q

The Zona ______ of the adrenal cortex is where glucocorticoids = cortisol is produced and secreted from as it contains the _______ receptor.
a) glomerulosa, ACTH
b) fasciculata, CRH
c) Reticularis , CRH
d) fasciculata, ACTH
e) glomerulosa, CRH

A

d

26
Q

the following area used during the synthesis of cortisol put them in order. In which organelle does this occur?
1. 170H-pregnenolone
2. 11-Deozygcortisol
3. 170H-progesterone
4. pregnenolone
5. cholesterol
6. cortisol

A

a) 5 -> 4 -> 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 6
b) mitochrondria

27
Q

When looking at this image which pathway is used for
a) humans
b) rodents

A

a) right
b) left

28
Q

What are the 3 things that make cortisol so essential for life?

A
  1. protects against hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
  2. promotes gluconeogenesis ( INC of blood sugar)
  3. inhibits inflammatory responses from the immune sys
29
Q

What are the 4 things that could happen if cortisol levels are too high?

A
  1. break down of skeletal muscle in order to INC blood sugar
  2. suppress the immune sys
  3. break down bones
  4. brian fxn wrt mood, memory, and learning
30
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is caused by high levels of the ________ hormone

A

cortisol

31
Q

Distinguish the following wrt Cushing’s
a) syndrome = primary - 2
b) disease = secondary - 1

A

primary = when the effects are due to this disease resulting in lower levels of ACTH
secondary = when Cushing’s is the secondary condition which was caused by another problem such as cancer

32
Q

What are the 2 treatments for Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  1. surgery to remove the pituitary or adrenal gland (remove the one that is causing it)
  2. drugs that manage the symptoms
33
Q

ANS the following wrt Addison’s disease
a) cortisol too low or high - 1
b) what are the 2 causes of this? - 3

A

a) low
b) genetics, autoimmune against the adrenal cortex

34
Q

Describe using the following wrt how the adrenal secretes cortisol
a) continuous or periodic? - 1
b) pulsatile or constant? -1
c) At which time of day/night? - 1

A

a) continuous
b) pulsatile
c) in the morning

35
Q

How does insomnia relate to the secretion of cortisol

A

It is usually secreted when you are about to wake up, and tends to be secreted during types of arousal (stress) so if someone is stressed right before going to bed cortisol is likely to keep them up causing insomnia

36
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is more significant in horses than in humans?
a) the pars tuberalis
b) the pars distalis
c) the pars intermedia
d) the posterior

A

c

37
Q

a) what does PPID stand for? - 3
b) Who does this affect? - 1
c) name 2 signs/symptoms - 2
d) name 2 types of treatments - 2

A

a) pituitary par intermedia dysfxn
b) horses
c) hypertrichosis (INC hair growth), muscle atrophy, INC sweating, pot-belly
d)
1. drugs = DEC pituitary gland circulating ACTH
2. manage symptoms = exercise + dieting

38
Q

Describe the following terms
a) hyperplasia - 1
b) hypertrophy - 1

A

a) INC cell growth
b) INC cell size

BIOM3200 (18 decks)

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