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BIOM3200 > 4. ENDOCRINE 1 > Flashcards

4. ENDOCRINE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 hypothalamic hormones

A
  1. PRH -prolactin-releasing hormone
  2. Dopamine PIH - prolactin-inhibiting hormone
  3. TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  4. CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone
  5. GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
  6. GHIH - growth hormone inhibiting hormone
  7. GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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2
Q

Name the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. prolactin
  2. TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
  3. ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotrophin)
  4. GH - growth hormone
  5. FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
  6. LH - luteinizing hormone
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3
Q

Name the 4 endocrine targets + all the hormones they secrete (5)

A
  1. thyroid gland - thyroid hormones
  2. adrenal cortex - cortisol
  3. liver - IGFs - insulin-like growth factors
  4. endocrine cells of the gonads - androgen + estrogens progesterone
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4
Q

Draw the PRH flow chart from hypothalamic hormones to non-endocrine targets

A
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5
Q

Draw the TRH flow chart from hypothalamic hormones to non-endocrine targets

A
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6
Q

Draw the CRH flow chart from hypothalamic hormones to non-endocrine targets

A
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7
Q

Draw the GHRH flow chart from hypothalamic hormones to non-endocrine targets

A
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8
Q

Draw the GnRH flow chart from hypothalamic hormones to non-endocrine targets

A
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9
Q

Describe homeostatis

A

the relative stability of the internal environment of the body

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10
Q

T or F - the reason its called homeostasis is b/c it keeps the body static (stasis)

A

F - the internal environment can only remain stable if it changes as the external environment is always changing and acting on the internal

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11
Q

What does the negative on the left represent in this image. What is its purpose?

A

a) it represents the negative feedback loop
b) it stabilizes the internal state of the body by sending signals to either INC or DEC an activity

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the effector response?

A

it takes stabilizes the internal state of the body based on the integration of the brain

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13
Q

Draw the cycle of homeostasis. Include the following; Describe what each key component does
a) sensory
b) integrating center
c) response sys
d) negative feedback loop

A

a) monitors the internal state of the body
b) coordinates the stability b/w the internal state and the external state
c) adjusts the internal state in order to stabilize it
d) sends signal back about internal state

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14
Q

Which 2 sys regulate homeostasis

A

NS and Endocrine Sys

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15
Q

What are the 6 major sys that are regulated by homeostatis

A
  1. skin
  2. cardiovascular
  3. renal (urinary sys)
  4. GI tract
  5. respiratory
  6. musculo-skeletal
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16
Q

Name 7 regulated factors wrt homeostasis. why do these factors need to be regualted?

A

a) 1. water lvls
2. electrolytes/pH (Na or K)
3. Nitrogenous compounds
4. oxygen lvls
5. CO2
6. temp
7. toxicants (toxic substances)
b) In order to maintain metabolic processes w/in the body

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17
Q

What are 3 deficits that can occur if the endocrine sys malfunctioned?

A
  1. diabetes - unable to balance blood sugar
  2. thyroid disorder - related w/ growth and development
  3. ovarian disorders - infertility
18
Q

Describe the 3 types of basic endocrine dys-fxns

A
  1. hyper-fxn = releasing too much hormones
  2. hypo-fxn = releasing too little hormones
  3. resistance = lack of sensitivity towards hormones
19
Q

Describe the endocrine gland

A

a tissue that secretes hormones into the bloodstream in order to influence a target cell

20
Q

ANS the following wrt insulin.
a) what produces it?
b) What is its fxn?

A

a) beta cells of the pancreas
b) promotes the absorption of glucose from the BV to tissue

21
Q

What hormone does the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin

22
Q

What are the 5 types of model systems which result from the pancreas malfxning? (diabetes)

A
  1. intact control
  2. alloxan-induced diabetes
  3. Steptozotocin-induced diabetes
  4. Immune-dependent diabetes
  5. Streptozotocin-nicotinaminde-induced diabetes
23
Q

What are the 4 types of hormones and where are they derived from? Which one is the most common?

A
  1. proteins/polypeptides (most) - AA
  2. steroids - cholesterol
  3. amines - catecholamines (NXT)
  4. amines - thyroid
24
Q

Describe the three ways that hormones go from the secretory cell to the target cells. Draw each.

A
  1. autocrine - cell that secretes the hormone also received the hormone
  2. Paracrine - one cell secretes the hormone while and adjacent target cell receives that hormone
  3. Endocrine - the secretory cell releases the hormone into the blood stream which travels towards the target cell
25
Q

Describe the mode of secretion for peptides following the image

A
26
Q

Describe the mode of secretion for Steroids following the image

A
27
Q

Describe the mode of secretion for Catecholamines following the image

A
28
Q

Describe the mode of secretion for Thyroid amines following the image

A
29
Q

In the endocrine sys hormones are released by secreting cells, sent through the blood vessels until it reaches its target cell. How does the hormone know when it has reached its target cell?

A

When it reaches a target cell that contains receptors that it can bind to

30
Q

T or F - while receptors have a high specificity for particular hormones non-specific binding can occur

A

T

31
Q

When it says “There is a continuous turn-over of the receptor-hormone complex” What does this mean? Also what is the purpose of this?

A

a) it means that the receptors and the hormones are continuously recycled
b) this allows for the continuous signaling to these target cells even after a hormone has bound to a receptor

32
Q

a) Where are most hormone receptors found?
b) Where are steroid hormone receptors found?
c) Where are the thyroid hormone receptors found?

A

a) the membrane of the target cell
b) in the cytoplasm of the target cell
c) in the nucleus of the target cell

33
Q

Briefly describe the 2 pathways involved in transmembrane receptor binding of hormones

A
  1. Adenylate cyclase (AC) pathway = hormone binds to beta-adrenergic receptors resulting in enzymic activation
  2. phospholipase C-Ca2+ pathway = hormone binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors resulting in enzymic activation
34
Q

What are the 6 steps in the adenylate cyclase pathways? Use the following terms; G-proteins, adenylate cyclase, A-subunit, cAMP, regulatory subunit, protein kinase

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor causing the G-proteins to dissociate
  2. The A-subunit activates adenylate cyclase
  3. the AC uses ATP to produce cAMP
  4. cAMP activates the protein kinase by removing it from the regulatory subunit
  5. the PK phosphorylates/activates other proteins
  6. Hormone response
35
Q

This image demonstrates which of the following?
a) AC pathway
b) PIPLC pathway
c) steroid hormone binding
d) thyroid hormone binding

A

a

36
Q

What are the 6 steps in the phospholipase C-Ca2+ pathways? Use the following terms; G-proteins, Phospholipase C (PLC), IP3, endoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+, cytoplasm

A
  1. hormone binds to the receptor + the G-proteins disassociate
  2. the g-proteins activate the PLC
  3. The PLC breaks down the phospholipid mem in order to produce IP3
  4. the IP3 binds to the endoplasmic reticulum causing the Ca2+ stored w/in to be released into the cytoplasm
  5. the released Ca2+ activates other proteins w/in the cell
  6. Hormone response
37
Q

This image demonstrates which of the following?
a) AC pathway
b) PIPLC pathway
c) steroid hormone binding
d) thyroid hormone binding

A

b

38
Q

What are the 6 steps for receptor binding inside the cell for steroids? include the following terms; plasma carrier protein, cytoplasm receptor, nucleus, DNA, transcription factor

A
  1. steroid hormone is transported to the target cell via a plasma carrier protein
  2. the steroid is released by the transporter, enters the cell via simple diffusion, + binds to the cytoplasm receptor w/in the target cell
  3. the steroid-receptor complex translocate to the nucleus and binds to DNA as a transcription factor
  4. stimulation of gene transcription
  5. a protein is produced
  6. response is induced
39
Q

This image demonstrates which of the following?
a) AC pathway
b) PIPLC pathway
c) steroid hormone binding
d) thyroid hormone binding

A

c

40
Q

This image demonstrates which of the following?
a) AC pathway
b) PIPLC pathway
c) steroid hormone binding
d) thyroid hormone binding

A

d

41
Q

What are the 7 steps for receptor binding inside the cell for THs? include the following terms; thyroxine (T4), carrier protein, TBG, triiodothyronine T3, binding protein, mRNA, DNA, nucleus

A
  1. the TBG carrier protein transports T4/T3 to the target cell where it releases the hormone so it can simply diffuse through the cell mem
  2. All T4s –> T3s
  3. T3 binds to the binding protein and is translocated into the nucleus
  4. the hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
  5. a new mRNA is transcribed
  6. a protein is produced
  7. response

BIOM3200 (18 decks)

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