14. Cardiovascular 1 and 2 Flashcards by 1a agostin

Match the following to the image
a) arterioles
b) arteries
c) veins
d) venues
e) capillaries

a) pink
b) yellow
c) blue
d) green
e) orange

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Put the following in order from outer to inner layers for a large vein
a) Tunica media
b) Tunica externa
c) Tunica Interna
d) Lumen
e) Enthothelium

b -> a -> c -> e -> d

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Put the following in order from outer to inner layers for a medium-sized vein
a) Tunica media
b) Tunica externa
c) Tunica Interna
d) valve

b -> a -> c -> d

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Describe the difference b/w the Tunica interna of an artery vs a vein

the Tunica interna of an artery contains both the endothelium and an elastic layer as it contains the highest pressure of blood

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Put the following in order from outer to inner layers for a venule
a) endothelium
b) Tunica externa
c) valve

b -> a -> c

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Put the following in order from outer to inner layers for a large artery
a) Endothelium
b) Tunica externa
c) Tunica media
d) elastic layer

b -> c -> a -> d

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Put the following in order from outer to inner layers for a medium-sized artery
a) Tunica externa
b) Tunica media
c) Tunica interna

a -> b -> c

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Put the following in order from outer to inner layers for an arteriole
a) Lumen
b) Precapillary Sphincter
c) Endothelium

b -> c -> a

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Describe the 3 types of Capillaries

Fenestrated capillaries = contain wide intracellular pores covered by mucoproteins (basement mem)
Continuous capillaries = w/ endothelial cells that are closely joined together
discontinuous capillaries = w/ endothelial cells that are distal from each other

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Which of the following contains the most blood when the circulatory sys is at rest
a) lungs
b) veins
c) arteries
d) capillaries
e) heart

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The _____ system acts as a reservoir from which more blood can be added to the circulation under appropriate conditions
a) arterial
b) venus
c) circulatory
d) pulmonary
e) a and b only

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______ provide resistance to blood flow while the ______ are referred to as capacitance vessels
a) capillaries, arteries
b) capillaries, veins
c) veins, arteries
d) arteries, veins
e) veins, capillaries

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The venous pressure is too low to return blood to the heart. So how does the blood return to the heart for the following regions?
a) lower limbic
b) abdominal to thoracic

a) skeletal muscle pumps provide contractions to help move the blood back up
b) contraction of the diaphragm and pressure for the abdomen due to breathing helps push the blood back to the heart

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Veins have low pressure thus they are assisted by other muscles to push them up. But what stops the blood from flowing back down in b/w contractions?

a one-way valve w/in the venous sys

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in the aorta + large arteries where are the elastin fibers found?

b/w the smooth muscle and tunica media layers of the BV

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What are the 2 fxns of the large elastic arteries?

to expand when blood pressure w/in the BV INC as a result of ventricle contractions of the heart
to fall back to its original shape when blood pressure is low due to relaxation of ventricles ofo the heart

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Describe the following phases
a) systolic
b) diastolic

a) the phase when the heart pumps blood out of the heart INC BP
b) the phase when the heart pumps blood out of the veins into its chambers DEC BP

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Which of the following provides the mores SA (wrt BV) in the body?
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) veins
d) capillaries
e) venous

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Describe the following wrt the capillaries
a) vasoconstriction
b) vasodilation

a) narrowing of a BV causing a DEC in blood flow to the capillary bed
b) widening of a BV causing an INC in blood flow to the capillary bed

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Unlike arterial and venous tissues, the walls of
the capillaries are composed of just one cell layer. Why?

it makes it easier to exchange material b/w blood and tissue

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Describe the following wrt the exchange b/w capillaries and tissue
a) hydrostatic pressure
b) net filtration pressure
c) colloid osmotic pressure
d) oncotic pressure

a) the BP in the capillaries/tissue
b) the amount of material filtration by taking the difference b/w the hydrostatic pressure of the tissue - the hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries (difference in hydrostatic pressure)
c) the inability of proteins to travel through the capillary pores into the adjacent tissue
d) the build-up of pressure due to the capillaries being unable to be filtered into the tissue (difference in osmotic pressure)

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a) interstitial fluid is also known as what?
b) plasma is also known as what?

a) fluids in tissue
b) blood

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What is the equation for blood flow? (include units)

flow (mL/min) = driving force/resistance

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What are 3 factors that influence resistance in BVs?

the radius of the BV
the viscosity of the blood
the length of the BV

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Put the following in order (start = aorta + end = right atrium) a) Pulmonary vein b) Aorta c) right ventricle d) left ventricle e) capillary bed of lungs f) pulmonary artery g) inferior vena cava h) left atrium g) right atrium i) capillary bed of body tissues j) pulmonary artery k) superior vena cava

b -> i -> g -> c -> j -> e -> a -> h -> d -> i -> k -> g

the pharynx is also known as the ________

throat

the _____ is where the air is diverted towards the lungs and food is diverted to the esophagus to the stomach a) trachea b) pharynx c) larynx d) bronchus e) none of the above

where are the vocal cords located?

larynx

What are the 3 parts of the conducting zone?

1. trachea 2. primary bronchus 3. terminal chronchioles

What are the 3 main parts of the respiratory zone?

1. respiratory bronchioles 2. alveolar sacs 3. Alveolus

Describe the following a) respiratory zone b) conducting zone

a) site of gas exchange b/w air and blood b) the passageway for the air to travel into and out of the lungs

What is this image showing?

the bronchiole passing b/w many alveoli

Describe intrapulmonary pressure

the pressure in the alveoli and airways of the lungs when you breathe in

Describe the following a) inspiration b) expiration

a) breathing in b) breathing out

What does it mean when someone says that lungs must have high compliance during inspiration?

the lungs must have a high stretchability (so they can expand when under pressure)

a) describe distention b) why might you want your lungs to have a high distention?

a) the act of expanding when underpressure b) high distention allows the lungs to expand allowing it to take in more air

What might cause a reduction in compliance in one's lungs?

lung disease

Which of the following would occur during inspiration? a) chest expands b) chest contracts c) diaphragm expands d) diaphragm contracts

a + d

Which of the following would occur during expiration? a) chest expands b) chest contracts c) diaphragm expands d) diaphragm contracts

b + c

Why must lungs have elasticity?

This allows for the lungs to return to their original shape during expiration

T or F - the lungs are only in a state of elastic tension during inspiration

F - they are always in this state but just more so during inspiration

Where are lungs usually attached a) ribs b) trachea c) diaphragm d) chest wall e) none of the above

Describe the following a) intrapulmonary pressure b) intrapleural pressure c) transpulmonary pressure

a) the air pressure w/in the lungs b) the air pressure outside of the lungs c) the difference b/w a and b

Describe Pneumothorax

when the intrapleural pressure is equal to the intrapulmonary pressure (max expansion) causing the lung to collapse away from the chest wall

T or F - during Pneumothorax both lungs will collapse away from the chest one at the same time

F - usually only one at a time

If a person has an open chest would they be unable to inflate the lung why?

the outer and the inner surfaces of the chest cavity contain pleural membranes that facilitate the expansion in only one way (from air coming through the trachea) by blocking air elsewhere

What are the 2 layers of pleural membranes and where in the chest cavity are they found?

1. visceral pleura = surface of the lung 2. parietal pleura = inner wall of the chest cavity

What is found b/w the two layers of the pleural membranes?

pleural fluid

describe the pleural space

the space b/w the pleural membranes layers in the lungs

What are the 2 significances of the pleural fluid?

1. it is the glue that keeps the lungs attached to the inner wall of the chest cavity 2. its the lubricant that allows the lung to inflate and deflate w/in the chest cavity

the thoracic cavity is also known as what?

chest cavity

a) what causes surface tension in the lungs? b) how does surface tension occur? c) What does surface tension cause? d) What reduces surface tension?

a) the fluid in the alveoli b) the attraction b/w the water molecules being pulled together c) the alveoli to collapse d) surfactants

a) where is a surfactant found? b) what is surfactant composed of? c) What secretes the surfactants? d) what is the significance of surfactants?

a) the fluid w/in the alveoli b) phospholipids and hydrophobic surfactant proteins c) type II alveolar cells d) reduces surface tension in alveoli preventing them from collapsing during expiration

The following are main properties of the lungs except a) expiration b) surface tension c) contraction d) compliance e) inspiration

Describe respiratory distress syndrome

when a premature baby is born w/ insufficient surfactant causing the alveoli to collapse during expiration

describe the following a) tidal volume b) inspiratory reserve c) expiratory reserve d) residual volume

a) the amount of gas inhaled/expelled during a normal breath b) the max amount of gas that can be inhaled + tidal volume c) the max amount of gas that can be exhaled + tidal volume d) the amount of gas that remains w/in the longs after a max exhalation

Describe the following a) total lung capacity b) vital capacity c) inspiratory capacity d) fxnal residual capacity (FRC)

a) total amount of gas in the lungs after inhilation b) the max amoung of gas exhaled after a max inhilation c) the max amount of gas that can be inhaled after a normal exhilation d) amount of gas remaining in lungs after a normal exhilation

Describe an anatomical dead space wrt the lungs

the air in the conduction zone (where no gas exchange occurs). It contains a lower concentration of O2 and a higher concentration of CO2. This air enters the alveoli first so the amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli is less than the tidal volume (regular breath)

If the anatomical dead space is 150mL and the tidal volume is 500mL. What is the percentage of fresh air entering the alveoli?

1. 150 - 500 = 350 2. 350/500 = 0.7 3. 0.7 x 100% = 70%

If the anatomical dead space is 150mL and the tidal volume is 2000mL. What is the percentage of fresh air entering the alveoli?

1. 150 - 2000 = 1850 2. 350/500 = 0.93 3. 0.7 x 100% = 93%

What is the anatomical dead space volume?

150mL

a) What does Hemoglobin contain? b) Where is hemoglobin present? c) What is its main role?

a) iron b) cytoplasm of RBC c) to shuttle O2 from the lungs to the body

What happens when there is low CO2 levels in the blood?

INC pH = more basic

Describe the concentration of CO2 in the following areas a) lungs b) body tissues

a) it diffuses from the BV to the alveoli and out the lungs resulting in a low concentration causing INC pH b) it builds up in tissues as waste causing DEC pH

How does CO2 concentration influence hemoglobin?

High concentrations of CO2 result in low acidity which allows hemoglobin to bind to O2. But under low [CO2] acidity is higher allowing hemoglobin to release its O2.

Describe oxyhemoglobin

Hb + O2

T or F - Hb only binds to O2 as it must act as a shuttle

F - it can also bind to CO2 acting as a shuttle for it aswell

If Hemoglobin is able to bind to both O2 and CO2 what stops it from just binding to all the CO2 and preventing O2 from being transported?

Within the lungs the [O2] > [CO2] thus more oxyhemoglobin will form

What are the 3 ways that CO2 is transported? (indicate the most common)

1. dissolve into the blood as CO2 2. carbamino compound = CO2 + Hb 3. converted to bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) by carbonic anhydrase after diffusing into RBC (most common)

What does carbonic anhydrase do? (bicarbonate equation)

CO2 + H2O --> HCO3- + H+

Describe the bicarbonate equation direction for the following a) body tissues b) lungs

a) high [CO2] = CO2 + H2O --> HCO3- + H+ b) low [CO2] = HCO3- + H+ -> CO2 + H2O

Where is this occurring? a) muscle b) body tissues c) heart d) all of the above e) lungs

During exercise, there is an INC in ventilation what does this mean

we tend to breathe more while exercising causing a higher frequency of gas exchange

Describe the 2 neurogenic mech that explains the immediate INC in ventilation that occurs as exercise begins

1. respiratory muscles may be stimulated by sensory nerves activity due to the exercising 2. he cerebral cortex may stimulate the brain stem to modify ventilation due to the exercising

Describe the humoral (chemical) mech that explains the continued deep + rapid INC in ventilation that occurs after exercise has terminated

CO2 and pH use different chemoreceptors than O2 causing a delay in downstream regions

T or F - at the beginning of a workout the body is unable to supply the adequate amount of O2 thus causing the muscles to metabolize anaerobically

What is the lactate threshold?

the max rate of O2 consumption attained before anaerobic metabolism produces a rise in blood lactate levels

What causes a rise in lactate levels w/in the blood?

limitation in aerobic metabolism (where body is not able to supply enough O2)

What is the significance of Mat Fraser?

he has a higher lactate threshold allowing him to deliver more O2 to his muscles and has more mitochondria + Krebs cycle enzymes to skeletal muscles

What is the significance of Felix Baumgartner?

the first person to undergo a supersonic free fall

the atmosphere becomes thinner w/ INC altitude. What does this mean?

it means the higher your altitude the lower the [O2] in the air

At what altitude does each occur? a) acute mountain sickness (AMS) b) pulmonary edema (HAPE) c) Cerebral edema (HACE)

a) 5000ft b) 9000ft c) 13000ft

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14. Cardiovascular 1 and 2 Flashcards

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