15. Cardiovascular 3 Flashcards
Describe the following parts of the heart
a) atria
b) ventricle
c) septum
d) pulmonary circulation
e) systemic circulation
a) top chambers of the heart that receive blood from the venous sys (veins)
b) bottom chambers of the heart that deliver blood to the arterial sys (arteries)
c) the wall in the heart that separates the left chambers from the right chambers
d) the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the left atrium
e) the circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium
Put the following heart circulation in order (start = d)
a) pulmonary artery
b) pulmonary vein
c) aorta
d) large vein
e) right atrium
f) left atrium
g) right ventricle
h) left ventricle
d -> e -> g -> a -> b -> f -> h -> c
Fill in using the following
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
e) aorta
f) pulmonary artery
a) yellow
b) green
c) purple
d) orange
e) blue
f) pink
The ____ ventricle wall is thicker than the ____ ventricle wall.
a) left, right
b) right, left
c) top, bottom
d) bottom, top
e) both a and c
a
T or F - the left atrium has a thicker wall than the right atrium b/c it works harder to pump the blood
F - ventricle not atrium
Describe the significance of one-way atrioventricular valves w/in the heart
it’s a one-way valve that prevents the blood from going back from the ventricle to the atrium.
The AV valve b/w the right atrium and right ventricle has ___ flap(s) making it a ______ valve.
a) 1, monicuspid
b) 2, biscuspid
c) 3, tricuspid
d) 2, mitral
e) b and d
c
The AV valve b/w the left atrium and left ventricle has ___ flap(s) making it a ______ valve.
a) 1, monicuspid
b) 2, biscuspid
c) 3, tricuspid
d) 2, mitral
e) b and d
e
What is the significance of the saying “Tri before you bi”?
it is referring to the number of flaps that the AV b/w the right atrium + ventricle (tri) has which comes before the number of flaps that the AV b/w the left atrium + ventricle (bi) has.
Describe the significance of the one-way semilunar valves
a one-way valve that makes sure the blood will go from the ventricle to the artery
Describe the following types of valves
a) pulmonary
b) aortic
a) a valve that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
b) a valve that pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Describe what happens in the following sits
a) contraction of the ventricles
b) relaxation of the ventricles
a) opens the pulmonary/aortic valves so blood can pump through them
b) the semilunar valve closes preventing the backflow of blood from the artery to the ventricle
Fill in the image according to the following
a) tricuspid valve
b) pulmonary semilunar valve
c) aortic semilunar valve
d) bicuspid
a) blue
b) yellow
c) green
d) orange
Match the following
a) diastole
b) systole
1. contraction of atria + ventricle
2. relaxation of atria + ventricle
a) 2
b) 1
Describe the 6 steps to the cardiac cycle using the following terms diastole, systole, atria, ventricle, contract, relax, blood, venous, AV valve, pulmonary sys, systemic sys.
- diastole = atria and ventricles relaxed
- blood flows from the venous (large vein) to the atria
- INC atrial pressure + start atrial contraction causing the AV valves to open
- blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
- systole = atria and ventricles contract
- blood flows to the pulmonary/systemic sys
Describe the following
a) end-diastolic volume
b) end-systolic volume
c) stroke volume
a) amount of blood in the ventricles right before a contraction
b) amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of a contraction
c) the amount of blood ejected from the contraction of a ventricle
Match the following
a) end-diastolic volume
b) end-systolic volume
c) stroke volume
1. 2/3
2. 1/3
3. 1/1
a) 3
b) 2
c) 1
Diastole or systole?
Diastole
Diastole or systole?
systole
At an average cardiac rate of 70 bpm, each cycle lasts 0.8 seconds. With 0.5 seconds spent in _____ and 0.3 seconds spent in ____.
a) contraction, relaxation
b) diastole, systole
c) relaxation, contraction
d) systole, diastole
b + c
a) Describe cardiac output
b) what is the equation for cardiac output? (include units)
a) the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle
b) CO (mL/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)
What is the cardiac output
- HR = 70bpm
- SV = 70mL/beat
CO = SV x HR
CO = 70mL/beat x 70beats/min
CO = 4900mL/min
How is Cardiac output influenced in the following sits? Explain each
a) heart beats faster
b) heart disease that prevents the heart from ejecting as much blood during systole
a) INC HR ~ INC CO
b) DEC SV ~ DEC CO
a)what types of cells facilitate the pumping of the heart?
b) how do these cells communicate?
c) the entire mass of interconnected cells is known as what?
a) myocardial cells illicit electrical activity
b) gap jxns
c) myocardium
What are the 3 regions of the heart that can spontaneously generate AP?
- Sinoatrial (SA) node = a pacemaker in the right atrium
- AV node = the contractions that push the blood from atria to ventricle
- Purkinje fibers
Which nerve innervates the SA node in order to adjust the HR?
vagus
describe the following
a) pacemaker potential
b) diastolic depolarization
c) SA node
d) pacemaker cell
a) a spontaneous depolarization
b) a depolarization that occurs during the relaxation of the ventricle
c) sinoatrial node = a pacemaker that causes a diastolic depolarization in order to adjust the HR
Where does the diastolic depolarization of an SA node occur w/in the heart
pacemaker cells w/in the right atrium
a) Describe the significance of HCN channels wrt pacemakers
b) describe the significance of cAMP
c) how does epinephrine/NE influence HR?
a) HCN channels are cardiac pacemaker channels that open when cAMP is produced.
b) epinephrine/NE (catecholamines) stimulate beta1-adrenergic receptors that cause the production of cAMP
c) it speeds up HR due to stimulating the production of cAMP which opens the HCN channels INC the depolarization
a) what are myocytes?
b) what are the 3 types of myocytes?
a) muscle cells
b) cardiac, smooth, skeletal
How does the spontaneous AP influence the heart muscles?
causes the myocytes in the right and left atria to spread using the gap jxn
T or F - AP use myocytes to spread the right and left ventricles and atria allowing for contractions to occur
F - specialized cells are needed to move the electrical impulse to the ventricles
What is the significance of the specialized myocardial cells
they are specialized cardiac muscle cells that contain conducting tissue in the AV nodes allowing for an AP to travel from the atria and reach the ventricle
a) where is the intraventricular septum located?
b) where are the Purkinje fibers located?
a) the wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart
b) in the ventricular wall
Describe the following parts of the ventricle wall
a) endocardium
b) epicardium
a) inner
b) outer
Describe the 4 steps involved in the electrical activity of the heart using the following terms; AP, SA node, contract, right atrium, AV node, interatrial septum, a bundle of his, ventricle wall, Purkinje fibers, endocardium, epicardium
- a spontaneous AP is produced by the SA node w/in the right atrium causing it to contract
- the electrical signal travels to the AV node from the inferior interatrial septum to the bundle of His
- the electrical signal travels through the ventricle wall using the Purkinje fibers
- where the signal spreads from the endocardium to the epicardium causing the ventricle to contract
Label the image using the following
a) Purkinje fibers
b) interatrial septum
c) AV node
d) SA node
e) AV bundle/bundle of His
f) bundle branches
g) interventricular septum
a) purple
b) pink
c) yellow
d) blue
e) green
f) orange
g) brown
Put the following in order
a) Purkinje fibers
b) AV node
c) SA node
d) AV bundle
c -> b -> d -> a
describe an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
a device that can detect potential differences generated by the heart through surface electrodes placed on the skin
T or F - an ECG records each AP that the heart generates
F - it records the production and conduction of many APs in the heart
Describe each wrt an ECG
a) P-wave
b) PR interval
c) QRS complex
d) ST segment
e) T-wave
a) the depolarization of the right atria triggered by the SA node
b) the delay of depolarization of the AV node in order to allow time for the ventricle to fill will blood
c) the depolarization of the ventricles triggering the contractions
d) flat = beginning of ventricle repolarization
e) bump = ventricular repolarization
Match the following w/ the image
a) P
b) S
c) R
d) Q
e) T
a) yellow
b) pink
c) blue
d) green
e) orange
Draw on a graph what the depolarization/repolarization would look like and describe what is occurring. make sure to include the following if they apply; P, Q, R, S, T
the SA node triggers causing a spontaneous depolarization in the right atrium
Draw on a graph what the depolarization/repolarization would look like and describe what is occurring. make sure to include the following if they apply; P, Q, R, S, T
- P-wave = SA node triggers causing full spontaneous depolarization in the atria
- PQ interval where a delay of the AV node occurs in order to give time for the blood to flow in
Draw on a graph what the depolarization/repolarization would look like and describe what is occurring. make sure to include the following if they apply; P, Q, R, S, T
QRS complex = depolarization of ventricles triggering contractions
Draw on a graph what the depolarization/repolarization would look like and describe what is occurring. make sure to include the following if they apply; P, Q, R, S, T
ST segment = initiation of ventricle repolarization
Draw on a graph what the depolarization/repolarization would look like and describe what is occurring. make sure to include the following if they apply; P, Q, R, S, T
T-wave = full repolarization of ventricle
What does this image demonstrate? How do you know?
an ischemic heart attack (unable to get proper blood supply) causing a delay in repolarization of the ventricle in the ST segment. This is shown b/w the S and T as the potential difference should be 0 but because of the myocardial infarct (dead myocytes) the potential is more depolarized
What is a myocardial infarct
heart attack
If someone’s heartbeat were like the following what would that be called? Explain
a) 70 bpm
b) 72 bpm
c) 125 bpm
a) normal HR
b) bradycardia = HR too slow
c) tachycardia = HR too fast
this image shows what?
bradycardia
This image shows what?
tachycardia
What causes bradycardia?
a hyperstimulation of the right vagus nerve on the SA node slowing down the HR
What type of neurons do the ventricles receive innervation from?
a) adrenergic
b) cholinergic
c) dopaminergic
d) all of the above
a
Where are the following catecholamines released from?
a) epinephrine
b) norepinephrine
a) adrenal medulla
b) cardiac sympathetic nerve ending and some from the adrenal medulla
ANS the following wrt epinephrine
a) What types of receptors are most sensitive to E? Indicate the 2 types and which one is mostly used
b) what is the myocardium
c) How do E influence HR, contractility, and cardiac output
d) how does it influence the arteriole sys?
e) how does it influence the bronchioles?
a) beta-adrenergic receptors = beta 1 (most) and beta 2
b) heart muscle
c) INC
d) vasodilation = widens them
e) relaxation and dilation (widening)
ANS the following wrt norepinephrine
a) What type of receptor is most sensitive to NE?
b) where is the receptor found?
c)How does it the arteriole and venous sys?
a) alpha-adrenergic receptors = alpha 1
b) smooth muscle wall of the BV
c) vasoconstriction = narrowing of arteries and veins and INC arterial BP
Describe the significance of the following. indicate which catecholamine it influences
a) prazosin
b) propranolol
a) an alpha-receptor blocker (NE) that is used to treat high BP
b) a beta-receptor blocker (E) that is used to lower HR and BP
T or F - b/w the alpha and beta receptors work together to balance the BP and HR if one is blocked by an antagonist the other one is unable to fxn properly
F - they are totally indep from each other
What does HF stand for wrt the heart
heart failure
