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BIOM3200 > 3. The CNS > Flashcards

3. The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of matter that the CNS is composed of? Describe each. Where are they located?

A
  1. gray matter = accumulation of somas and dendrites located in the cortex and the nuclei of the brain.
  2. white matter = accumulation of myelinated axon tracts that underlie the cortex and surround the nuclei
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2
Q

In this image where is the white matter vs the gray matter?

A
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3
Q

What are the 3 things that protect the brain? Which ones also protect the spinal cord?

A
  1. skull
  2. meninges (also the spinal cord)
  3. cerebrospinal fluid (also spinal cord)
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4
Q

What does the pneumonic ‘PADS’ wrt protecting the CNS? Describe each term

A

P - pia mater = innermost layer of the meninges that makes direct contact w/ the brain + spinal cord
A - arachnoid mater = middle layer of the meninges that has a similar appearance to a spider web
D - dura mater = the outermost layer that is made of p 2 layers
S - skull

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5
Q

What are the layers of the meninges? which ones are known as the ‘tough mother’?

A
  • dura = 2 layers (tough mother)
  • arachnoid = 1 layer
  • pia = 1 layer
    therefore there is 4 layers
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6
Q

T or F - the meninges are in charge of protecting the brain only

A

F - they protect the brain and the spinal cord

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7
Q

T or F - the meninges are in charge of protecting the brain only

A

F - they protect the brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

it provides a cushion of protection for the brain in case of TBI (traumatic brain injury)

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9
Q

The brain has two types of cerebrospinal fluid. What are they called and according to this image where are they located?

A
  1. SSS (superior sagittal sinus) = the outer cavity that sits under the dura mater
  2. SAS (subarachnoid space) = the inner cavity that sits b/w the arachnoid and pia mater
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10
Q

In this image where are the cavities/ventricles? What do they contain?

A

they contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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11
Q

During a lumbar puncture, patients receive a CSF tap. What does this mean and what is the purpose of doing this?

A

a) CSF tap - puncturing the spinal cord in order to get a sample of the CSF
b) this method is used to examine for signs of disease

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12
Q

What are the 4 kinds of diseases that can be revealed from being a CSF tap?

A
  1. bacterial infection
  2. viral infections
  3. inflammatory cells
  4. products of degeneration from MS
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13
Q

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves within the spinal cord. How many pairs are associated w/ the following nerves?
a) Lumbar
b) cervical
c) thoracic
d) Sacral
e) Coccygeal

A

a) 5 pairs
b) 8 pairs
c) 12 pairs
d) 5 pairs
e) 1 pair

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14
Q

What are spinal nerves composed of?

A

mixture of sensory and motor fibers

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15
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end (top to bottom)?

A

starts at the brain stem and extends to the pelvic region

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16
Q

Which part of the spinal cord contains the spinal nerves according to this image?

A
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17
Q

T or F - within the spinal cord are interneurons that only translate the afferent sensory stimuli from the PNS up to the CNS

A

F - they can also translate the stim down the spinal cord (reflex)

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18
Q

With LMN (lower motor neuron damage) reflexes will be ___________.
a) exaggerated
b) normal
c) diminished

A

C

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19
Q

What are myotatic reflexes? Provide an example

A

a) myotatic = stretch - reflective behaviour that involves the stretching of a muscle/tendon
b) knee-jerk reflex

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20
Q

With UMN (upper motor neuron) damage to reflexes will be __________. Why?
a) exaggerated
b) normal
c) diminished

A

A = b/c the damage causes a loss of inhibitory inputs resulting in overstimulation of the motor neuron

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21
Q

In an embryonic 4th wk brain, what are the 3 primary vesicles in the front end of the neural tube? Where are they located?

A
  1. prosencephalon = forebrain
  2. mesencephalon = midbrain
  3. Rhombencephaion = hindbrain
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22
Q

Match the following secondary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube to the primary vesicles
a) prosencephalon
b) mesencephalon
c) Rhombencephalon
1. telencephalon
2. Metencephalon
3. Myelencephalon
4. Mesencephalon
5. Diencephalon

A

a) 1 + 5
b) 4
c) 2 + 3

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23
Q

Match the Secondary vesicles to the proper wall for an adult brain: Hypothalamus, Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata, Midbrain, Thalamus, Cerebral hemisphere
a) Telencephalon - 1
b) Diencephalon - 2
c) Mesencephalon - 1
d) Metencephalon - 2
e) Myelencephalon - 1

A

a) Cerebral hemisphere
b) Thalamus + hypothalamus
c) midbrain
d) pons, Cerebellum
e) medulla oblongata

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24
Q

Match the Secondary vesicles to the proper cavities for an adult brain: Lateral ventricles, Third ventricle, Fourth ventricle, Aqueduct
a) Telencephalon
b) Diencephalon
c) Mesencephalon
d) Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

A

a) lateral ventricles
b) third ventrical
c) Aqueduct
d) fourth ventricle

25
What are the 2 portions of the fourth ventricle? Which secondary vesicles does each associate w/?
1. Upper = Metencephalon 2. Lower = Myelencephalon
26
What does a cavity mean wrt the embryotic brain?
space filled w/ cerebral fluid
27
What is the telencephalon also known as?
the cerebrum
28
Label the following from this image a) telencephalon b) diencephalon c) midbrain d) hindbrain
29
What is the Diencephalon composed of?
thalamus + hypothalamus
30
What is the main purpose of the midbrain and hindbrain?
control of skeletal muscle
31
What is the main purpose of the cerebrum? What secondary vesicle it is associated w/?
a) performs most higher fxns in the brain due to connections via the corpus callosum b/w the two hemispheres b) telencephalon
32
Describe the 4 lobes of the cerebrum. Which lobe is in which section according to the image a) yellow b) blue c) green d) pink
a) frontal lobe = motor control b) parietal lobe = perception of touch c) occipital lobe = vision and eye movement coordination d) temporal lobe = interpreting auditory and visual information
33
Describe the Insula. Include the following; a) where it is located within the brain - 1 b) What it encodes - 3 c) what types of signals it receives - 4
a) in the lateral sulcus (division b/w frontal and temporal lobe) b) mem, integration of sensory info + visceral (uncontrolled) responses c) olfactory, gustatory, auditory, somatosensory (pain)
34
Describe cerebral lateralization
the communication b/w the two hemispheres of the brain via the corpus callosum
35
Describe cerebral dominance
the idea that each hemisphere is good at certain types of tasks and poor at others
36
Describe what impairments would occur if the damage occurred in the following; a) right hemisphere b) left hemisphere
a) spacial conception = mapping b) language deficits
37
They say that the right hemisphere is associated w/ spacial conception while the left is associated w/ language. Does this apply to most ppl? Who does this not apply to and how?
a) yes up to 97% b) mainly left-handed ppl who tend to either have language in their right or equally in both hemispheres
38
What is the significance of Kim Peek?
He was born w/out a corpus callosum and he has savant syndrome meaning he can remember everything he has ever read
39
What is the significance of Christopher Langan?
He is the most intellectual person in the world (IQ 195 to 210) despite growing up w/ fewer privileges (intel is somewhat innate)
40
Describe the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex. What happens if it gets damaged?
a) strongly associated w/ emotion and mem b) experience severe impulsive behavior possibly becoming sociopathic
41
What part of the brain did Phineas Gage damage? What was the result?
a) cerebral cortex b) severe personality changes such as impulsivity + irritability
42
What are the fxns of the following? a) Thalamus - 2 b) Epithalamus - 4
a) relays all sensory info (except smell) to the cerebrum. It promotes alertness from a sufficiently strong sensory stim b) top of the thalamus = contains the pineal gland that secrets melatonin (a hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythms)
43
Which secondary vesicle is the thalamus associated w/?
diencephalon
44
a) where is the hypothalamus located wrt the brain in general + what is it called b) Which secondary vesicle is it associated w/ + c) What are the 4 daily body processes that it regulates?
a) just above the optical chiasm the SCN ( super chiasmic nucleus) b) inferior portion of the diencephalon c) hunger/thirst, body temp, hormone secretion from the pituitary gland, sleep-wake cycle
45
Describe the 2 dopaminergic neural sys related to the midbrain. Provide 1 example of a disorder that could occur if these are damaged
1. nigrostriatal dopamine sys = motor control (Parkinson's = degeneration of substantia nigra) 2. mesolimbic dopamine sys = emotional reward (addiction = overactivity) OR (schizophrenia)
46
T or F - schizophrenia is a result of the overactivity of dopaminergic neurons w/ the hindbrain
F - midbrain
47
Label the following in this image a) Corpus Callosum b) Cerebrum c) meninges d) Cerebellum e) spinal cord
48
T or F - all ascending and descending fiber tracts that provide communication b/w the CNS + the PNS must pass through the reticular formation
F - medulla
49
Describe the 2 parts of the hindbrain. Which one is the 2nd largest structure?
1. Cerebellum = proprioception (coordination of movement) 2. Medulla = communication b/w the spinal cord and the brain
50
Which secondary vesicle is associated w/ the medulla?
myelencephalon
51
Describe the 2 parts of the medulla. Which one is the biggest?
1. pons = regulates breathing and cardiovascular responses (biggest) 2. Reticular formation = helps move the neurons up and down
52
Using the following terms label the image a) pons b) reticular formation c) medulla oblongata d) Pneumotaxic area e) apneustic area f) Rhythmicity area
53
Describe attention/awareness
mental processes in which we focus on a specific item while ignoring everything else
54
T or F - we have the ability to simultaneously attend to all the information being received through our 5 senses we are just very good at ignoring the senses that are irrelevant
T
55
Describe autism. What are 3 items that it affects?
a) pervasive developmental disorder (developmental delay in communication and socialization) b) speech, motor skills, social interactions
56
How does autism relate to attention?
There is a theory that the repetitive behavior of ppl w/ autism is due to their cerebellum not being able to take the overstimulation of external stim. Therefore they undergo repetitive action as a means of easing up that overstimulation.
57
How does Asperger Syndrome relate to Autism?
it is a mild type of autism in which one hyper focuses on certain items
58
T or F - Temple Grandin had severe autism and b/c of this she was unable to get a proper education
F - she had a high academic career that involved finding peaceful environments for animals

BIOM3200 (19 decks)

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