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BIOM3200 > 3. The CNS > Flashcards

3. The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of matter that the CNS is composed of? Describe each. Where are they located?

A
  1. gray matter = accumulation of somas and dendrites located in the cortex and the nuclei of the brain.
  2. white matter = accumulation of myelinated axon tracts that underlie the cortex and surround the nuclei
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2
Q

In this image where is the white matter vs the gray matter?

A
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3
Q

What are the 3 things that protect the brain? Which ones also protect the spinal cord?

A
  1. skull
  2. meninges (also the spinal cord)
  3. cerebrospinal fluid (also spinal cord)
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4
Q

What does the pneumonic ‘PADS’ wrt protecting the CNS? Describe each term

A

P - pia mater = innermost layer of the meninges that makes direct contact w/ the brain + spinal cord
A - arachnoid mater = middle layer of the meninges that has a similar appearance to a spider web
D - dura mater = the outermost layer that is made of p 2 layers
S - skull

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5
Q

What are the layers of the meninges? which ones are known as the ‘tough mother’?

A
  • dura = 2 layers (tough mother)
  • arachnoid = 1 layer
  • pia = 1 layer
    therefore there is 4 layers
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6
Q

T or F - the meninges are in charge of protecting the brain only

A

F - they protect the brain and the spinal cord

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7
Q

T or F - the meninges are in charge of protecting the brain only

A

F - they protect the brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

it provides a cushion of protection for the brain in case of TBI (traumatic brain injury)

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9
Q

The brain has two types of cerebrospinal fluid. What are they called and according to this image where are they located?

A
  1. SSS (superior sagittal sinus) = the outer cavity that sits under the dura mater
  2. SAS (subarachnoid space) = the inner cavity that sits b/w the arachnoid and pia mater
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10
Q

In this image where are the cavities/ventricles? What do they contain?

A

they contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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11
Q

During a lumbar puncture, patients receive a CSF tap. What does this mean and what is the purpose of doing this?

A

a) CSF tap - puncturing the spinal cord in order to get a sample of the CSF
b) this method is used to examine for signs of disease

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12
Q

What are the 4 kinds of diseases that can be revealed from being a CSF tap?

A
  1. bacterial infection
  2. viral infections
  3. inflammatory cells
  4. products of degeneration from MS
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13
Q

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves within the spinal cord. How many pairs are associated w/ the following nerves?
a) Lumbar
b) cervical
c) thoracic
d) Sacral
e) Coccygeal

A

a) 5 pairs
b) 8 pairs
c) 12 pairs
d) 5 pairs
e) 1 pair

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14
Q

What are spinal nerves composed of?

A

mixture of sensory and motor fibers

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15
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end (top to bottom)?

A

starts at the brain stem and extends to the pelvic region

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16
Q

Which part of the spinal cord contains the spinal nerves according to this image?

A
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17
Q

T or F - within the spinal cord are interneurons that only translate the afferent sensory stimuli from the PNS up to the CNS

A

F - they can also translate the stim down the spinal cord (reflex)

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18
Q

With LMN (lower motor neuron damage) reflexes will be ___________.
a) exaggerated
b) normal
c) diminished

A

C

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19
Q

What are myotatic reflexes? Provide an example

A

a) myotatic = stretch - reflective behaviour that involves the stretching of a muscle/tendon
b) knee-jerk reflex

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20
Q

With UMN (upper motor neuron) damage to reflexes will be __________. Why?
a) exaggerated
b) normal
c) diminished

A

A = b/c the damage causes a loss of inhibitory inputs resulting in overstimulation of the motor neuron

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21
Q

In an embryonic 4th wk brain, what are the 3 primary vesicles in the front end of the neural tube? Where are they located?

A
  1. prosencephalon = forebrain
  2. mesencephalon = midbrain
  3. Rhombencephaion = hindbrain
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22
Q

Match the following secondary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube to the primary vesicles
a) prosencephalon
b) mesencephalon
c) Rhombencephalon
1. telencephalon
2. Metencephalon
3. Myelencephalon
4. Mesencephalon
5. Diencephalon

A

a) 1 + 5
b) 4
c) 2 + 3

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23
Q

Match the Secondary vesicles to the proper wall for an adult brain: Hypothalamus, Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata, Midbrain, Thalamus, Cerebral hemisphere
a) Telencephalon - 1
b) Diencephalon - 2
c) Mesencephalon - 1
d) Metencephalon - 2
e) Myelencephalon - 1

A

a) Cerebral hemisphere
b) Thalamus + hypothalamus
c) midbrain
d) pons, Cerebellum
e) medulla oblongata

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24
Q

Match the Secondary vesicles to the proper cavities for an adult brain: Lateral ventricles, Third ventricle, Fourth ventricle, Aqueduct
a) Telencephalon
b) Diencephalon
c) Mesencephalon
d) Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

A

a) lateral ventricles
b) third ventrical
c) Aqueduct
d) fourth ventricle

25
Q

What are the 2 portions of the fourth ventricle? Which secondary vesicles does each associate w/?

A
  1. Upper = Metencephalon
  2. Lower = Myelencephalon
26
Q

What does a cavity mean wrt the embryotic brain?

A

space filled w/ cerebral fluid

27
Q

What is the telencephalon also known as?

A

the cerebrum

28
Q

Label the following from this image
a) telencephalon
b) diencephalon
c) midbrain
d) hindbrain

A
29
Q

What is the Diencephalon composed of?

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

30
Q

What is the main purpose of the midbrain and hindbrain?

A

control of skeletal muscle

31
Q

What is the main purpose of the cerebrum? What secondary vesicle it is associated w/?

A

a) performs most higher fxns in the brain due to connections via the corpus callosum b/w the two hemispheres
b) telencephalon

32
Q

Describe the 4 lobes of the cerebrum. Which lobe is in which section according to the image
a) yellow
b) blue
c) green
d) pink

A

a) frontal lobe = motor control
b) parietal lobe = perception of touch
c) occipital lobe = vision and eye movement coordination
d) temporal lobe = interpreting auditory and visual information

33
Q

Describe the Insula. Include the following;
a) where it is located within the brain - 1
b) What it encodes - 3
c) what types of signals it receives - 4

A

a) in the lateral sulcus (division b/w frontal and temporal lobe)
b) mem, integration of sensory info + visceral (uncontrolled) responses
c) olfactory, gustatory, auditory, somatosensory (pain)

34
Q

Describe cerebral lateralization

A

the communication b/w the two hemispheres of the brain via the corpus callosum

35
Q

Describe cerebral dominance

A

the idea that each hemisphere is good at certain types of tasks and poor at others

36
Q

Describe what impairments would occur if the damage occurred in the following;
a) right hemisphere
b) left hemisphere

A

a) spacial conception = mapping
b) language deficits

37
Q

They say that the right hemisphere is associated w/ spacial conception while the left is associated w/ language. Does this apply to most ppl? Who does this not apply to and how?

A

a) yes up to 97%
b) mainly left-handed ppl who tend to either have language in their right or equally in both hemispheres

38
Q

What is the significance of Kim Peek?

A

He was born w/out a corpus callosum and he has savant syndrome meaning he can remember everything he has ever read

39
Q

What is the significance of Christopher Langan?

A

He is the most intellectual person in the world (IQ 195 to 210) despite growing up w/ fewer privileges (intel is somewhat innate)

40
Q

Describe the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex. What happens if it gets damaged?

A

a) strongly associated w/ emotion and mem
b) experience severe impulsive behavior possibly becoming sociopathic

41
Q

What part of the brain did Phineas Gage damage? What was the result?

A

a) cerebral cortex
b) severe personality changes such as impulsivity + irritability

42
Q

What are the fxns of the following?
a) Thalamus - 2
b) Epithalamus - 4

A

a) relays all sensory info (except smell) to the cerebrum. It promotes alertness from a sufficiently strong sensory stim
b) top of the thalamus = contains the pineal gland that secrets melatonin (a hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythms)

43
Q

Which secondary vesicle is the thalamus associated w/?

A

diencephalon

44
Q

a) where is the hypothalamus located wrt the brain in general + what is it called
b) Which secondary vesicle is it associated w/ +
c) What are the 4 daily body processes that it regulates?

A

a) just above the optical chiasm the SCN ( super chiasmic nucleus)
b) inferior portion of the diencephalon
c) hunger/thirst, body temp, hormone secretion from the pituitary gland, sleep-wake cycle

45
Q

Describe the 2 dopaminergic neural sys related to the midbrain. Provide 1 example of a disorder that could occur if these are damaged

A
  1. nigrostriatal dopamine sys = motor control (Parkinson’s = degeneration of substantia nigra)
  2. mesolimbic dopamine sys = emotional reward (addiction = overactivity) OR (schizophrenia)
46
Q

T or F - schizophrenia is a result of the overactivity of dopaminergic neurons w/ the hindbrain

A

F - midbrain

47
Q

Label the following in this image
a) Corpus Callosum
b) Cerebrum
c) meninges
d) Cerebellum
e) spinal cord

A
48
Q

T or F - all ascending and descending fiber tracts that provide communication b/w the CNS + the PNS must pass through the reticular formation

A

F - medulla

49
Q

Describe the 2 parts of the hindbrain. Which one is the 2nd largest structure?

A
  1. Cerebellum = proprioception (coordination of movement)
  2. Medulla = communication b/w the spinal cord and the brain
50
Q

Which secondary vesicle is associated w/ the medulla?

A

myelencephalon

51
Q

Describe the 2 parts of the medulla. Which one is the biggest?

A
  1. pons = regulates breathing and cardiovascular responses
    (biggest)
  2. Reticular formation = helps move the neurons up and down
52
Q

Using the following terms label the image
a) pons
b) reticular formation
c) medulla oblongata
d) Pneumotaxic area
e) apneustic area
f) Rhythmicity area

A
53
Q

Describe attention/awareness

A

mental processes in which we focus on a specific item while ignoring everything else

54
Q

T or F - we have the ability to simultaneously attend to all the information being received through our 5 senses we are just very good at ignoring the senses that are irrelevant

A

T

55
Q

Describe autism. What are 3 items that it affects?

A

a) pervasive developmental disorder (developmental delay in communication and socialization)
b) speech, motor skills, social interactions

56
Q

How does autism relate to attention?

A

There is a theory that the repetitive behavior of ppl w/ autism is due to their cerebellum not being able to take the overstimulation of external stim. Therefore they undergo repetitive action as a means of easing up that overstimulation.

57
Q

How does Asperger Syndrome relate to Autism?

A

it is a mild type of autism in which one hyper focuses on certain items

58
Q

T or F - Temple Grandin had severe autism and b/c of this she was unable to get a proper education

A

F - she had a high academic career that involved finding peaceful environments for animals

BIOM3200 (18 decks)

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