immobilisation and training effects on the body

Question 1

immobilisation

Answer 1

‘unloading’ or ‘disuse’ or ‘deconditioning’.
quiet rest in bed
or
fixation of a limb to promote healing of injury

Question 2

normal bone remodelling

Answer 2

remodels under influence of gravity

Question 3

wolfs law

Answer 3

remodelling of bone is influenced and modulated by biomechanical stresses

Question 4

remodelling of bone

Answer 4

bone is broken down by osteoclast/ resorbed
bone is depositied by osteoblasts

Question 5

mechanostat

Answer 5

bone is remodelled to meet the mechanical demands

large high loads detected above threshold activates modelling to increase periosteum increase mass and bone strength

small loads bellow threshold decrease rate of remodelling and decrease bone mass

Question 6

immobilization on bone

Answer 6

duration is the major factor
creates imballance between bone formation and resorption
creates reduced bone mass in relation to bone volume
bone mineralization remains the same
cortical bone thin
trabecular bone loss
initial bone loss is very rapid but steadies

Question 7

reduced bone mass numbers

Answer 7

70 percent is loss in bone formation

30 percent is to increase in resorption in bone

Question 8

bed rest on bones90 days

Answer 8

reduced cortial thickness is 1-2 percent
6 percent reduced trabecular
3.6 percent loss of bone mass in tibia

Question 9

paralysis on bone 40 years

Answer 9

20-40 percent reduced coritcal thickness
1-5 percent reduced cortical density
20-50 reducded trabecular

Question 10

training on bones

Answer 10

bone deposition occurs in response to weight bearing as a result increased muscle force
maintain encahnced mineral density
effet of loading on compact bone and area of transfered muscle force

Question 11

training for bone

Answer 11

combination of strength and impact loading increases bone density and mass

smaller sessions seperated by recovery periods

resistance train- 2 times a week
8 whole body exercises 8-12 reps

Question 12

impact of immobilizaton on cartilage hayline

Answer 12

reduced mass of 50 percent
concentration and content of proteoglycan reduce 50 percent

reduced proteoglycan means carltidge cant resit load and compression increase stiffness

collagen matrix is still intact so can be reversed

Question 13

fibrocartilage impacted by immboilization

Answer 13

reduced disc stiffness
increase annular fibre stress

Question 14

structure changes to hayline carlidge

Answer 14

reduced uronic acid concentration
water content increased
50 week after impact still not returned

Question 15

hayline cartilage to training

Answer 15

static compressive load reserves PG reduction in normal cartilage

increasing the load doesn’t increase mass

Question 16

fibrocartilage to training

Answer 16

vibration
less serve increase in disc height and volume

Question 17

structural changes to ligaments and tendons in immobilzation

Answer 17

increase rate of collagen turnover
newly synthesised collagen more pliable
collagen not organised as no stress
decreased water content

Question 18

immobilization on ligaments and tendons

Answer 18

decreased strength
reduced stiffness
increased elongation at failure
avulsion at inerestion more likely than mid portion

Question 19

strucutral changes in ligaments and tendons due to training

Answer 19

increased syntheis of collagen tyoe 1
anabolic changes in tenocytes

Question 20

mechanical changes to tendons and ligaments as a result of training

Answer 20

increased tensile strength
increased stiffness
increased diameter of collagen
increased collagen crosslinking

physical activity counters negative

Question 21

strucutual changes to muscle due to immobilisation

Answer 21

decreased number of muscle fibres
decreased size of muscle fibres
reduced cross secional area
decreased primary type 1 fibres atrophy
decrease muscle strenght and endurance

antigravity- more suseptible
functional role may affect atrophy

Question 22

immobilization counteract with training

Answer 22

general strenght training

specific motor control training

Question 23

neural adaptation to training muscle

Answer 23

increased recruitment
increased neuronal firing rates
greater increased neural firing
reduced golgi tendon
increased motor cortext

Question 24

training impacts on muscel

Answer 24

increase cross sectional area
primarly hypertrophy
increase strenght

fibre changes
type 2 hypertrophy of type 2