ILA: JAUNDICE

Question 1

Where does the liver lie?

Answer 1

Mainly in the right hypochondrium

Question 2

How much of the cardiac output supplies the liver?

Answer 2

25%

Note: the portal vein supplies 75% of hepatic blood flow.

Question 3

What is the hepatic functional unit called?

Answer 3

Acinus

Question 4

How many segments is the liver divided into?

Answer 4

8 (4 anatomical lobes)

Question 5

How much bile does the liver produce a day?

Answer 5

1 L

Question 6

Why is cholecystokinin released?

Answer 6

In response to the presence of amino acids in the gut - stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.

Question 7

What causes obstructive jaundice?

Answer 7

Gall stones in the common bile duct

Question 8

Where is the pancreas situated?

Answer 8

Within the duodenal loop

Question 9

What is the function of glucoronyl transferase?

Answer 9

Catalyses the formation of conjugated billirubin.

Question 10

What does bacterial enzyme hydrolysis produce?

Answer 10

Stercobilinogen, which is then excreted in the faeces.

Question 11

How does urobilinogen return to the liver?

Answer 11

Via the enterohepatic circulation

Question 12

Which cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 12

Alpha islet cells

Question 13

Which cells secrete insulin?

Answer 13

Beta islet cells

Question 14

Which cells secrete somatostatin?

Answer 14

Delta cells

Question 15

Which cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 15

F islet cells

Question 16

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 16

Breakdown of glycogen

Question 17

What is the function of the Kupffer cells?

Answer 17

Phagocytic cell involved in the breakdown of erythrocytes.

Question 18

Describe the symptoms of pre-hepatic jaundice.

Answer 18

Increased serum unconjugated billirubin and increased faecal urobilinogen (due to metabolism of haem –> more conjugated bilirubin in gut).