EOM: RENAL

Question 1

Describe the anatomical location of the kidneys.

Answer 1

Retroperitoneal space

Question 2

How does the urine pass through the ureter?

Answer 2

Via peristalsis

Question 3

What lines the ureters?

Answer 3

Urothelium

Question 4

The outermost layer of the kidney is the:

Answer 4

Capsule

Question 5

How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?

Answer 5

20%

Question 6

Which of the following is not found in the glomerular filtrate of a healthy individual?

• Albumin
• Creatinine
• Glucose
• Potassium
• Uric acid

Answer 6

Albumin

Question 7

If the renal clearance of a substance is 250 ml/min, what must be happening?

Answer 7

Substance is secreted by the nephron
- A molecule that is neither absorbed nor secreted and passes freely filtered through the kidneys has a clearance of 125 ml/min

Question 8

Angiotensin I is converted by renin from:

Answer 8

Angiotensinogen

Question 9

Name 4 causes of pre-renal acute kidney injury.

Answer 9

• Cellulitis
• Decompensated heart failure
• Decompensated liver failure
• Diarrhoea and vomiting

Question 10

What is the mechanism of anaemia in chronic renal failure?

Answer 10

Reduced production of erythropoietin

Question 11

What is the overall effect of aldosterone?

Answer 11

Raise blood pressure

Question 12

Describe the action of renin.

Answer 12

1. Released by juxtaglomerular cells in response to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors on JGC, or to stimulation by macula densa (detects low Na+ delivery to distal tubules)
2. Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by removing a short amino acid chain.
   Note: drugs which inhibit renin can be used to control high blood pressure

Question 13

Describe the action of atrial natriuretic peptides.

Answer 13

Act on renal collecting tubules to promote Na+ secretion, in response to elevated atrial pressure.