EOM: NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for venous drainage of the brain?

A

Sinuses formed between meningeal and periosteal dural layer

Note: cavernous sinus receives blood from the orbit

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2
Q

What is responsible for arterial supply of the brain?

A
  • Left anterior cerebral artery –> motor cortex of right left
  • Basal ganglia is supplied by lenticulo-striate arteries - branches of ACA/MCA
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3
Q

What is the middle cerebral artery a continuation of?

A

Internal carotid artery (directly)

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4
Q

Describe stroke syndromes and functional unites of the brain.

A
  • Temporal stroke = memory
  • Occipital stroke - contralateral homonymous hemianopia
  • Stroke affecting internal capsule is usually haemorrhagic of lenticulostriate artery (from MCA - supply basal ganglia and posterior limb of internal capsule)
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5
Q

Where are muscles of the lower limbs and face represented?

A
  • Lower limbs = medially

- Facial = laterally

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6
Q

Describe the course of the corticospinal tracts.

A

Pass between the basal ganglia and thalamus to enter the cerebral peduncle.

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7
Q

How do upper motor neurons innervate muscles?

A

Directly

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8
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

Carries fibres controlling muscles involved in balance and posture

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9
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate from?

A

Cells found in the pons and medulla - may act to facilitate or inhibit the activity of various ascending tracts.

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10
Q

What do gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibres

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11
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

Changes in muscle tension

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12
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle

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13
Q

What is the function of the Golgi tendon organs?

A

Activity results in the inhibition of the antagonist muscles in which they are found.

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14
Q

What is the relevance of receptive field sizes and behavioural specialisations of humans?

A

No relevance

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15
Q

What is the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system?

A

A tract which carries information regarding pain sensation from the skin to higher centres

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16
Q

What kind of membrane is the plasma membrane of neurons?

A

Excitable

17
Q

How is resting potential of neurons maintained?

A

Na+/K+ pumps found in the membrane create a concentration gradient of ions

18
Q

Describe how an action potential occurs.

A

Na+ channels open in the membrane, resulting in the membrane potential briefly becoming more positive on the inside with respect to the outside.

19
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

A time during which a second stimulus needs to be stronger to produce a second action potential.

20
Q

Define summation.

A

The process that allows an action potential to be generated by the combined effects of multiple signals.

21
Q

What do chemical synapses possess on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Specific receptors