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EANS > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Ddescribe grossly the anatomical situation of hypothalamus

A

It is the most inferior part of diencephalon and situated anteriorly and inferior to Thalamus. It is contributing to the floor and walls of the third ventricle.

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2
Q

What are the three coronal zones of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Periventricular zone
  • Medial zone - most nuclei dense
  • Lateral zone.
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3
Q

What are the 4 sagittal areas of hypothalamus?

A
  • Preoptic area
  • Chiasmatic area
  • Tuberal area (intermediate)
  • Mamillary area
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4
Q

Projections to and from the Periventricular nucleus?

A

Recives fibers from the arcuate nucleus. And projects to the adenohypophysis.

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5
Q

Name two important features of the periventricular nucleus

A
  • It is involved in mood regulation, and stimulation makes people laugh.
  • It produces SOMATOSTATIN (DA) that is secreted into the hypophyseal portal system.
  • Production of kisspeptin that kickstarts puberty and stimulate feelings of romance and sexual arousal.
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6
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin?

A

It inhibits Thyrotropin releasing hormone and growth hormone releasing hormone,

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7
Q

What is the special part of the periventricular nucelus called, that produces kisspeptin?

A

Its called the anteroventral part.

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8
Q

The medial zone can be devided in four areas. What are they called?

A
  • preoptic area
    *anterior hypothalamic area
  • intermediate hypothalamic area
  • posterior hypothalamic area
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9
Q

There are two well known nuclei in the preoptic area. What are they called?

A

The medial and lateral preoptic nucleus.

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10
Q

What is special about the preotic nucleus?

A

It is sexually dimorphic.

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11
Q

what does sexual dimorphism mean ?

A

The size differs between the male and the female brain.

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12
Q

What is the function of the medial preoptic nucleus?

A

It regulates the gonadotrophic hormones.

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13
Q

what happens if the medial preoptic nucleus is degraded?

A
  • reduced sexual behaviour
  • Hyperphagia = overeating and obesity.
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14
Q

What are the main features of the lateral preoptic zone?

A

arousal and sleep, and the transition between the two.

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15
Q

what other systems does the lateral preoptic nucleus work together with ?

A
  • The reticular activating system
  • The widely projecting OREXIN neuronal system that originates in the lateral hypothalamus.
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16
Q

what is the molecular function of the lateral preoptical nucleus?

A

It is activated during sleep and releases sleep related neurotransmittors like Serotonin, adenosine and prostaglandin D2.

17
Q

What effect does the lateral preoptic nucleus have on the reticular activating system?

A

It inhibits the reticular activating system by releasing inhibiting neurotransmittprs such as GABA amd galanin

18
Q

The lateral preoptic nucleus is studied in regard to two types of sleep correlated diseases. Which?

A

Narcolepsy and insomnia.

19
Q

Four important parts of the Anterior hypothalamic area

A
  • anterior hypothalamic nucleus
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • supraoptic nucleus
  • paraventricular nucleus
20
Q

what do we know of the function of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus

A
  • involved in cooling down the body (dissipation of heat)
  • sweat
    -vasodilation
  • Stimulate parasympathetic nervous system.
21
Q

What special pathway is associated to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

It recives direct signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract.

22
Q

what is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

The circadian rythm.

23
Q

The circadian rythm is not entirely dependent on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. What is its main colaborators?

A
  • The pineal göand!
  • other hypothalamic nuclei.
24
Q

what are the 2 main role of the supraoptic nucleus?

A
  • Regulate water balance.
  • induces contraction of the uterus and feelings of love.
25
Q

how does the supraoptic nucleus regulate water balance?

A

It produce and release VASOPRESSIN (antidiuretic hormone) in responce to concentration of Na ions in the blood. or when blood volume or blood pressure decreases.

26
Q

how does the supraoptic nucleus induce contraction of uterus and emotion of love?

A

It secretes OXYTOCIN.

27
Q

What condition is seen with damage to the supraoptical nucleus?

A

Diabetes insipidus

28
Q

what is the clinical signs of diabetes incipidus?

A

No vasopressin release makes it impossible for the kidneys to concentrate the urin and massive loss of water is seen during urination.

29
Q

The periventricular nucleus have a great chance to be mixed by another nuclues of the hypothalamus. Which?q

A

the paraventricular nucleus

30
Q

what are the 3 major functions of the parAventricular nucleus?

A
  • It helps to controll blood pressure and electrolyte composition. It also produces VASOPRESSIN.
  • Its involved in hunger regulation
  • Its involved in defensive behavior.

EANS (31 decks)

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