Hyperaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure the same as?

A

Oncotic pressure

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2
Q

What is hyperaemia?

A

Accumulation of RBCs inside blood vessels

Can be physiological or pathological

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3
Q

Hyperaemia can be active or passive. What are these also known as? Do they take place in arteries or veins?

A

Active hyperaemia = inflammation. Accumulation of arterial blood in arteries, arterioles and arteriolar capillary bed
Passive hyperaemia = congestion. Accumulation of blood in veins and venular capillary bed

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4
Q

Is active hyperaemia local or generalised? Is it acute or chronic? What about passive hyperaemia?

A

Active - local, acute

Passive - local or generalised, acute or chronic

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5
Q

What colour are the tissues affected by active hyperaemia and passive hyperaemia

A

Active - bright red

Passive - dark red/blue and swollen

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6
Q

What is ischaemia? What are the different types?

A

Inadequate blood supply to a tissue or organ
Can be complete or partial
Can be local or general

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7
Q

What causes ischaemia? (3 ways)

A
Heart failure (general ischaemia)
Obstruction of an artery (local)
Venous obstruction (local)
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8
Q

What is obstruction of artery/arteriole related ischaemia associated with?

A

Idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy

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9
Q

Venous obstruction causes stagnation, hypoxia and ischaemia. What is stagnation?

A

No blood flow/movement

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10
Q

Local passive hyperaemia is an increase in RBCs due to obstruction of venous return from an organ. What can cause this?

A

Organ misalignment
Venous thrombosis or embolism
Compression of vessel

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11
Q

What are the different types of organ misalignment?

A
Intussusception (invagination)
Volvulus 
Torsion 
Twist
Herniation with strangulation
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12
Q

How does organ misalignment cause necrosis and haemorrhagic infarction?

A

Veins occluded
Persistence of arterial blood supply
Increased blood pressure and congestion
Blood extravasation

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13
Q

What is infarction?

A

Tissue death to inadequate blood supply (ischaemia leads to infarction)

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14
Q

What is intussusception or invagination? Where is this most likely to occur?

A

Trapping of mesentery and vessels causes intestine to fold into the section ahead of it
Small intestine

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15
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Loop of intestine twists 180 degrees around its axis

or 360 degrees if gastric volvulus

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16
Q

What is gastric dilation?

A

Stomach rotates from its long axis to one paralleling the abdomen

17
Q

What does gastric volvulus cause in terms of other GI organs?

A

Oesophagus completely occluded

Spleen, pylorus and duodenum moved

18
Q

What type of dogs are associated with gastric volvulus? What behaviour is it associated with?

A

Deep chested breeds

Aerophagia and fast eating

19
Q

What are predisposing factors to gastric volvulus?

A

Increased laxity of hepatogastric ligament
Small particle diet
Recent kennelling
Raised food bowl

20
Q

What is the difference between gastric volvulus, torsion and dilation?

A

Volvulus - 360 degrees around itself
Torsion - rotates from long axis to axis parallel to abdomen
Dilation - rotates around its long axis

21
Q

What is torsion? What organs can experience this?

A

Twisting around its long axis

Lung lobe, stomach, uterus

22
Q

What organs can undergo twist?

A

Spermatic cord

23
Q

What is herniation with strangulation? Give examples of where this can occur

A

Displacement of organ through tear or aperture of membrane

E.g. inguinal ring, diaphragm

24
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

Thrombus (blood clot) reduces blood flow through a vessel

25
Q

What is an embolism?

A

A thrombus or other substance becomes stuck in a vessel and obstructs blood flow

26
Q

Give examples of how compression can lead to local passive hyperaemia

A

Fibrosis - fibrous tissue obstructs blood vessels
Tumours
Abcesses

27
Q

What can cause generalised passive hyperaemia?

A

Heart failure
Impeded venous return
Increased pulmonary resistance

28
Q

What does heart failure cause?

A

Oedema, tissue hypoxia, RAAS activation, chronic congestion of lungs and liver, ascites and hydrothorax, cardiac hypertrophy

29
Q

What are the 2 types of cardiac hypertrophy? What are these due to?

A

Concentric - due to pressure overload

Eccentric - due to volume overload

30
Q

What is forward and backwards heart failure?

A

Forwards - systolic failure (reduced CO and perfusion)

Backwards - inability to cope with preload, due to increased venous pressure

31
Q

What organs does left sided heart failure impact? What does this cause?

A

Lungs - pulmonary congestion and oedema

Kidneys - hypo perfusion (decreased GFR and urine)

32
Q

What organs does right sided heart failure impact?

A

Liver, body cavities and subcutaneous tissues
Results in LSHF
Increased resistance in pulmonary circulation due to right ventricle pressure overload

33
Q

How are arterial pressure and perfusion of vital organs maintained during heart failure?

A

Increased preload - increasing contractility
Myocardial hypertrophy and chamber dilation
Activation of RAAS, release of noradrenaline, ANPs

34
Q

Impeded venous return is a cause of generalised active hyperaemia. What can cause impeded venous return?

A

Caval thrombosis
Hydropericardium
Exudative pericarditis

35
Q

Increased pulmonary resistance causes generalised active hyperaemia. What causes increased pulmonary resistance?

A

Thoracic fluids
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary emphysema (don’t confuse with empyema!)

36
Q

What is pulmonary emphysema?

A

Damage to lung bronchioles
and alveoli
A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)