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Pathology > Disorders of tissue growth > Flashcards

Disorders of tissue growth Flashcards

1
Q

Normal cells can be classed as labile, stable or permanent. What do these mean? Give an example of each

A

Labile - constant division, e.g. epithelia
Stable - quiescent, low levels of replication e.g. hepatocytes
Permanent - non-dividing, cannot undergo mitosis e.g. neutrons, myocardiocytes

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2
Q

What is the name of stem cell replication? What is this?

A

Asymmetrical replication

Stem cells divide into one cell that is original to the original stem cell, and one that is differentiated

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3
Q

Describe the potency of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

A

Embryo - totipotent (any cell including placenta)

Adult stem cells - pluripotent (any cell excluding placenta)

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4
Q

What is agenesis?

A

Absence of organ or body part -no primordium (tissue a earliest recognisable development stage)

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5
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Failure of organ to develop (can have primordium or be rudimentary organ)

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6
Q

What is hypoplasia? What can cause this?

A

Failure of an organ to develop to full size

Genetics, hormones, deficiencies, infectious agents

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7
Q

What is atrophy?

A

shrinkage of organ/tissue after grown to full size

Reduce in cell size (qualitative) or number (quantitative)

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8
Q

What is the difference in aplasia and agenesis?

A

Agenesis - no primordium

Aplasia - primordium or rudimentary organ

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9
Q

What is the difference between hypoplasia and atrophy?

A

Hypoplasia - organ doesn’t ever reach full size

Atrophy - organ reaches full size then shrinks

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10
Q

What are different types of metaplasia?

A

Squamous - from columnar to squamous epithelium

Mesenchymal - from fibrous tissue to cartilage or bone

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11
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Loss of uniformity and orientation of cells

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12
Q

Is dysplasia reversible? What can cause it?

A

Yes

Chronic inflammation

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13
Q

What happens if the injurious stimulus that causes dysplasia persists?

A

Becomes neoplastic

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14
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Resemblance to embryonic form of tissue - lack of differentiation. Type of neoplasia

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15
Q

What is neoplasia? How does growth compare to normal tissue?

A

New growth - forms abnormal mass of tissue

Growth uncoordinated and faster than normal tissue

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16
Q

What is a tumour/oncos?

A

Swelling caused by neoplasia

17
Q

Neoplasia can be malignant or benign. What is malignant tumour? What does it do?

A

Cancer
Invades and destroys adjacent tissues
Metastasises to cause death

18
Q

How do benign neoplasia differ from malignant neoplasia?

A

Remain localised
Don’t spread
Can be surgically removed (generally)

19
Q

Neoplasms are monoclonal proliferations. What does this mean?

A

All neoplasms are clones from one mutated cell

20
Q

What are the general rules of neoplasia (3 - there are exceptions)?

A

Growth is not reversible
Caused by changes in DNA
Tumours are non-transmissable diseases

21
Q

Epithelial tumours are of endodermal/ectodermal origin. How are they named?

A

Benign - end in oma

Malignant - end in carcinoma

22
Q

Mesenchymal tumours are of mesodermal origin. How are they named?

A

Benign - end in oma

Malignant - end in sarcoma

23
Q

How are leukaemia (liquid tumours named)?

A

Acute or chronic + cell of origin + leukaemia

24
Q

Where do teratomas arise from? Where are they often found?

A

Arise from germ cells composed of tissues from all embryonic layers
Contain several different types of tissue
Ovaries, testes

25
Q

What are hamartomas?

A

Abnormal mixture of tissues in a place where growth occurs (normal location)
Growth abnormality, soon after birth

26
Q

What are choristomas?

A

Abnormal mixture of cells in an ectopic location

Growth abnormality, soon after birth

27
Q

How do benign and malignant tumours vary in terms of differentiation?

A

Benign - well differentiated

Malignant - go between well-differentiated and anaplastic (not differentiated)

28
Q

How do malignant tumours and benign tumours vary in terms of local invasion?

A

Benign - remain local, expansile growth

Malignant - infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissues, infiltrative growth

29
Q

Stroma (connective tissue) is produced by epithelial and malignant tumours. How do they differ in stroma production?

A

Epithelial tumours - stroma produced by surrounding, non-neoplastic mesenchymal cells
Mesenchymal tumours - produce their own stroma

30
Q

How does tumour stroma growth relate to tissue growth?

A

As tumour increases, stroma production increases

31
Q

What do tumours do to ensure they can continue growing? What would happen if this didn’t happen?

A

Angiogenesis - enables blood supply

If no blood supply - necrosis

32
Q

How do tumour blood vessels differ to normal blood vessels?

A

Tumour vessels more dilated, tortuous and permeable

33
Q

Why is haemorrhage a common problem with tumours?

A

Tumours cause angiogenesis - blood vessels often imperfect so haemorrhage

34
Q

What is metastasis? What vessels does this happen via?

A

Transmission of cancerous cells from one site to another on the body
Blood or lymph vessels

35
Q

What is a complication of metastasis? What may this lead to?

A

Tumour embolism - blockage of vessel

Causes infarction and oedema

36
Q

What do tumours form to evade the immune system?

A

Homotypic or heterotypic clusters

37
Q

Describe the stages that cause a tumour to metastasise

A

Intravasation
Tumours evade immune system
Extravasation
Extravascular tumour creates suitable environment - e.g. neovascularisation

38
Q

What is intravasation? How does this happen?

A

Invasion of cancer cells into vessel

Due to increased permeability or digestion of basement membrane

39
Q

What is extravasation? What may tumour cells have to help this occur?

A

Movement of cancerous cells out of vessel and into tissue

Adhesion molecules

Pathology (22 decks)

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