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Pathology > Cell adaptation > Flashcards

Cell adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways cells react to injury?

A

Adaptation - new physiological state
Injury - sublethal state
Cell death - not capable of recovering

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2
Q

What causes cells to adapt into a new physiological state?

A

Prolonged stimulus, e.g.
Excessive physiological stress
Pathological stimuli

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3
Q

Cellular adaptation affects growth/differentiation of cells. What can it cause?

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hypoplasia
Hyperplasia
Aplasia 
Metaplasia
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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in size and number of cells and organ

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5
Q

Atrophy can be pathological. Give an example of when pathological atrophy might occur

A

Disuse of muscle e.g. due to fraction
Reduce organ perforation
Inadequate nutrition
Compression

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6
Q

Why does atrophy occur after disuse/reduced perforation/other pathological causes?

A

Decreased metabolism
Reduced organelles
Reduced cell volume

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7
Q

What disassembles non-required/damaged organelles?

A

Autophagic vacuoles

Contains lysozymes

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8
Q

Give examples of when involution or physiological atrophy may occur

A

To uterus after parturition

Thymus after puberty

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9
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Decreased organ volume due to incomplete cell proliferation (less cells)

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10
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Organ absence due to defective cell proliferation

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11
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased organ size due to increased size of cells

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12
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

Give examples of when this might occur

A

Increased functional demand
Can be physiological e.g. muscle in body builders
Can be pathological e.g. cardiomyocytes with overload

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increased organ size due to increased number of cells

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14
Q

What causes cell number to increase in hyperplasia?

A

Cells undergo mitosis in response to hormones and growth factors

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15
Q

Hyperplasia can be physiological. Give examples of the 2 types of physiological hyperplasia

A

Physiological hyperplasia - hormonal e.g. mammary glands during pregnancy
Compensatory hyperplasia - loss of parenchyma

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16
Q

Give examples of what can cause pathological hyperplasia

A

Excessive hormonal stimulation/growth factors on target cells
E.g. attempt of regeneration, viral infections like papilloma

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17
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Stem cells reprogram themselves to another mature cell type

Or differentiated cells transform to another differentiated cell

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18
Q

Is metaplasia permanent or reversible?

A

Reversible

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19
Q

Give an example of metaplasia

A

Replacement of respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium due to irritation

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20
Q

What are intracellular accumulations? What is it due to?

A

Accumulations of various substances in abnormal amounts

Metabolic abnormalities in cell

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21
Q

What processes cause cause intracellular accumulation?

A

Normal production but increased removal of endogenous substances
Transport of normal endogenous substances
Abnormal exogenous substances

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22
Q

What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulation?

A

Normal cell constituents (water, lipid, protein, carbs)

Abnormal exogenous and endogenous substances

23
Q

What is lipidosis?

A

Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in parenchymal cells (liver)

24
Q

What does lipidosis cause?

A

Toxin production
Protein malnutrition
Diabetes
Obesity

25
Q

What morphological changes happen to the liver during lipidosis? What causes the swelling?

A

Liver turns yellow
Becomes fatty, oily and swollen
Swelling due to large vacuoles in adipocytes

26
Q

What happens to free fatty acids from intestines and adipose tissue?

A

Chylomicrons transport them in the blood

Stored as lipoproteins for use in other cells

27
Q

What causes protein accumulation? (2 main ways)

A
  1. Excess synthesis, excess protein presented to cell, reabsorption in renal tubules, excessive amounts of secretory protein
  2. Defects in protein folding
28
Q

What may cause defects in protein folding?

A 
Genetic mutation
Aging 
Environmental factors
Amyloidosis 
TSE
29
Q

Excess protein can be caused by excess amounts of secretory proteins. Give an example of a secretory protein

A

Russell bodies in plasma cells

30
Q

What causes an abnormal accumulation of glucose/glycogen?

A

Diabetes
Glucocorticoid hepatopathy
Glycogen storage diseases

31
Q

When might there be an accumulation of calcium salts? Does this affect calcium serum levels?

A

Non-viable, dying or necrotic tissues

Calcium serum remains normal

32
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Abnormal deposition of calcium due to tissue damage

33
Q

What process happens to normal tissues with hypercalcaemia?

A

Metastatic calcification

34
Q

What are the 2 phases of pathogenesis for dystrophic calcification?

A
  1. Initiation - calcium accumulates in mitochondria of dying cells and phospholipids in vesicles of dying cells
  2. calcium binds to phospholipids high causes calcium depolarisation. Microcrystals perforate membrane
35
Q

Abnormal substances can accumulate due to exogenous or endogenous causes. Give examples of each

A

Exogenous - mineralas, products of infectious agents

Endogenous - abnormal synthesis/metabolism

36
Q

What causes pigmentation in normal cells? What colour is this and what cells is it found in?

A

Melanin
Brown/black
Melanocytes

37
Q

Pigmentation can be normal or abnormal. Give examples of when pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous

A

Exogenous -anthrax causes inhalation of carbon

Endogenous - melanin, haemosiderin, bilirubin

38
Q

What colour is lipofuscin? What is this?

A

Yellow/brain

Endogenous polymer of lipids and proteins

39
Q

What is haemosiderin? What colour is it?

A

Stores iron from the breakdown of haem

Gold colour

40
Q

What is heme broken down into to? Where is the iron stored?

A

Iron and biliverdin

Stored in haemosiderin

41
Q

What is bilirubin? What is jaundice?

A

Major pigment in bile

Excess bilirubin in blood

42
Q

Haem is broken down into biliverdin and iron. What happens to the iron?

A

Oxidised and stored in haemosiderin

43
Q

Haem is broken down into biliverdin and iron. What happens to the biliverdin?

A

Biliverdin broken down by macrophages/monocytes to bilirubin
Bilirubin becomes bilirubin glucoronides in liver
Becomes urobilinogens

44
Q

What colour is biliverdin? What about bilirubin?

A

Biliverdin - green

Bilirubin - blue/green

45
Q

What colour is bile? Jaundice is due to high bilirubin in blood (bilirubinaemia). What causes this?

A

Yellow/green

Obstructed bile flow, excessive haemolysis

46
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Water
Choletserol
Bile sals
Bile pigments from haemoglobin (bilirubin)

47
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

Abnormal build up of amyloid in organs and tissues

48
Q

What is amyloid? What does it look like histologically?

A

Pathological protein deposited between cells

Soft, pink, fluffy

49
Q

Where is amyloid associated protein synthesised? Does it contain Ig?

A

Hepatocytes

No Ig

50
Q

What is amyloid light chain derived from? Does it contain Ig?

A

Plasma cells

Contains Ig

51
Q

What disease cause deposition of beta amyloid protein?

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

52
Q

Where is islet amyloid polypeptide deposited?

A

Pancreatic islets

53
Q

Amyloidosis can be classed as systemic, localised, primary, secondary, hereditary or endocrine. What causes primary and secondary amyloidosis? What is endocrine amyloidosis?

A

Primary - immunocytic disorder
Secondary - complication of amyloid associated chronic inflammation
Endocrine - deposition of islet amyloid polypeptide

54
Q

What is the most common type of amyloidosis - localised or systemic? Primary or secondary?

A

Systemic

Secondary

Pathology (22 decks)

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