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Pathology > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Production of RBCs

Leucocytes and platelets produced in haemopoietic tissue

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2
Q

What happens to ageing or damaged blood cells?

A

Cell components recycled or removed by macrophage

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3
Q

Give an example of when there might be a haematopoiesis arrest. What is the first clinical sign of this?

A

Chemotherapy

Neutrophenia

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4
Q

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

A

1-5 months

Bird

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5
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

10 days

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6
Q

Put the blood cells in order of longest to shortest life span

A

Lymphocytes - weeks to years
RBCs - 1- 5 months
Platelets - 10 days
Monocytes - days, transform into macrophages in tissues
Neutrophils - live less than 10 hours in blood, 24-48 in tissues

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7
Q

Which WBC has the longest and shortest life span?

A

Longest - lymphocyte (weeks to years)
Monocytes live days, transform into macrophages in tissues
Shortest - neutrophils (<10 hrs in blood, <2 days in tissue)

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8
Q

Where is the major site of haematopoiesis?

A

Bone marrow
Primary in long and flat bones

First evident in yolk sac of embryo
Later in embryonic life occurs in liver and spleen
Birth = red bone marrow (long bone, vertebrae, pelvis, skull

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9
Q

What cells are found in bone marrow?

A 
Endothelial cell
Macrophage
Stromal cell 
Developing granulocytes
Megakaryocyte
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10
Q

What do stromal cells in bone marrow produce?

A

Haematopoietic regulatory molecules

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11
Q

What are the 2 cells that multipotent haematopoietic stem cells can form?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitors

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12
Q

What cells do common lymphoid progenitors form?

A

All lymphocytes:

Natural killer cell 
Small lymphocyte (which forms T and B lymphocytes)
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13
Q

What cells do common myeloid progenitors form? 4 cells - all begin with M except one

A 
Give rise to all other blood cells (not lymphocytes as thats what lymphoid progenitors give rise to)
RBC
Mast cell 
Megakaryocyte
Myeloblast
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14
Q

Which cells produce WBCs?

A

Myeloblast

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15
Q

Bone marrow is only part of lymphogenesis (production of lymphocytes). Where do they migrate to, mature and proliferate?

A

Lymphoid organs - lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

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16
Q

What feature makes T and B lymphocytes unique (after antigen encounter)?

A

Maintain memory of an antigen encounter

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17
Q

What are reactive lymphocytes?

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes made due to antigen stimulation

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18
Q

What is myelopoieses? What main cell does this arise from?

A

Production of all blood cells

Common myeloid progenitor

19
Q

Where does myelopoiesis take place?

A

Bone marrow

Proliferative pool, maturation pool and storage pool

20
Q

What cells are mainly found in the storage pool of bone marrow?

A

Mature (segmented) neutrophils

21
Q

What stimulates granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis? When are these produced?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
Presence of infection or inflammation

22
Q

Which cells are able to provide negative feedback to their own production?

A

Neutrophils

23
Q

In homeostasis, what neutrophils are seen in circulation? When may other types of neutrophil be seen?

A 
Segmented (mature neutrophils)
Band cells (immature neutrophils) released with inflammation
24
Q

How does number of neutrophils in circulation differ between moderate inflammation and very acute severe inflammation? Why?

A

Mild/moderate inflammation - neutrophiliia due to release from storage pool and increased myelopoiesis
Acute, severe inflammation - neutropenia, due to consumption of neutrophils

25
Q

What do eosinophils produce that allow them to be their own progenitor?

A 
Interleukin 5 (IL-5)
Cytokine for growth, differentiation and activation of eosinophils
26
Q

Where are mast cells produce? Where do they mature?

A

Produced in bone marrow

Mature in tissue

27
Q

Are mast cells common or rare in circulation? When may they be seen?

A

Rare
Seen in dog/horse trauma and inflammation
Seen in cat neoplasia

28
Q

What are mast cells? Where are they found? What do they release?

A

Cells containing basophil granules
Found in connective tissue
Release histamine during inflammation

29
Q

Why can’t RBCs undergo mitosis or repair when older/damaged?

A

No nucleus

No organelles

30
Q

What % of RBCs are destroyed each day? Why doesn’t this cause anaemia?

A

1% destroyed

1% release of new RBCs

31
Q

What do immature RBCs start as?

A

Blast cells - large, blue with nucleus

32
Q

Describe what happens to blast cells as they mature

A

Divide and become smaller
Haemoglobin concentration increases (makes red)
Nucleus removed
Released into marrow sinus - lose organelles and DNA= mature

33
Q

What cell is the last immature RBC with a nucleus?

A

Normoblast

34
Q

What cell is an immature RBC without a nucleus?

A

Reticulocyte

35
Q

What colour are normoblasts? Are they seen in circulation?

A

Blue - containing proteins and nucleus

No - unless accelerated haematopoiesis or bone marrow damage

36
Q

How long does it take for RBCs to mature in the blood? Which species takes slightly longer and why?

A

24 hrs

Cat - spleen less efficient, may have organelles for longer

37
Q

What process produces megakaryocytes?

A

Endomitosis - nuclear division but no cellular division

Produces megakaryoblasts

38
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

Endomitosis produces megakaryoblasts

Megakaryoblasts

39
Q

What hormone mediates thrombopoiesis? Where is this produced?

A

Thrombopoietin

Mainly be liver

40
Q

How does thrombopoietin differ from erythropoietin?

A

Thrombopoietin produced constantly

Self regulating - thrombopoietin destroyed by platelets/megakaryocytes

41
Q

What hormone controls erythropoiesis? Where is this produced?

A

Erythropoietin

Kidneys

42
Q

What minerals/vitamins are required for erythropoiesis?

A

Iron
Copper
B2, B6, B12

43
Q

What could cause thrombocytosis?

A

Inflammation

Iron deficiency

Pathology (22 decks)

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