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Pathology > Anti-neoplastic pharmacology > Flashcards

Anti-neoplastic pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

When is treatment best given?

A

Early - when tumour/metastasis are small

Sigmoid growth - large tumours less response to Tx

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2
Q

What should be considered for anti-neoplastic therapy?

A

Tumour growth kinetics (grow fastest when small)
Naturally resistant populations
Factors influencing drug penetration of tumour
Patient signalment etc

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3
Q

How can we overcome chemotherapy resistance?

A

Multidrug chemotherapy - broaden range of cells sensitive to Tx
High dose - reduces number of resistant cells (give maximum tolerated dose)

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4
Q

If treatments are ideally spaced, how should normal tissue grow and tumour tissue grow?

A

Normal tissue growth should remain constant (normal rate)

Tumour tissue growth decreases

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5
Q

What happens if treatments are too close together?

A

Toxicity causes normal cells to die as well as tumour tissues

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6
Q

What happens if treatments are too far apart?

A

Tumour tissue continues to grow

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7
Q

Some chemotherapies are genotoxic. What does this mean?

A

Kills DNA

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8
Q

What are the 2 ways chemotherapies prevent tumour cell replication?

A

Damage DNA - non-cell cycle specific

Inhibit DNA replication - cell cycle specific

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9
Q

In untargeted chemotherapy, rapidly dividing cells are most affected. What are these 3 tissues?

A

BAG
Bone marrow - WBCs and RBCs
Alopecia - hair loss
GI - can allow infections and sepsis

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10
Q

What factors affect response to chemotherapy and side effects?

A 
ADME
Metabolism - 
Administration
Distribution - ability to reach target site
Excretion
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11
Q

Chemotherapy drugs include alkylators. How do they cause tumour cell death? Are they cell cycle specific or not?

A

Insert alkyl group into DNA
Alters transcription and replication
If not repaired - apoptosis
Non-specific

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12
Q

Give an example of an alkylator

A

Lomustine

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13
Q

How do anti-tumour antibiotics work? Are they cell cycle specific or non-specific?

A

Cause DNA damage

Non-specific

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14
Q

Give an example of an anti-tumour antibiotic?

A

Doxorubicin

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15
Q

How do platinizing agents work as chemotherapy drugs? Are they cell cycle specific or non-specific? Give an example

A 
Platinum inserted into DNA 
Alters transcription and replication 
If not repaired - apoptosis
Non-specific
Carboplatin
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16
Q

How do vinca-alkaloids work as chemotherapy drugs? Are they cell cycle specific? Give an example

A

Prevent spindle form during mitosis
Cell cycle specific
Vinblastine

17
Q

How do antimetabolites work as chemotherapy drugs? Are they cell cycle specific or non-specific?

A

Interact with DNA production pathways

Specific

18
Q

What is metronomic chemotherapy?

A

Repeated administration of chemotherapy drug, at low dose without drug free periods

19
Q

L’asapraginase is an enzyme used as a biotherapy for which type of cancer? How does this cause cell death?

A

Lymphoma

Lymphomas dependent on asparagine

20
Q

Give examples of a glucocorticoid that can be used as a biotherapy drug for tumours

A

Prednisolone

21
Q

How can NSAIDs be used as a biotherapy drug for tumours? Give an example of a drug

A

Some tumours COX-2 dependent

Meloxicam, piroxicam

22
Q

How do tyrosine kinase inhibitors work as biotherapy for cancer? Give an example

A

Competitive inhibitors for receptor tyrosine kinase
block ATP binding site
Mastinib

23
Q

Immunotherapy can be used to treat cancer. What are the 2 broad approaches?

A

Active immunotherapy - stimulate immune system against tumour (active cytotoxic T cells)
Passive immunotherapy - use monoclonal antibodies to target immune response at tumour (in development)

24
Q

Give an example of a non-specific immune stimulator

A

Iquimod

25
Q

Anticancer therapeutic vaccinations can be given as part of immunotherapy for tumours. Give an example of a cancer this is effective against

A

Melanoma

26
Q

What is the most common canine skin tumour?

A

Mast cell tumour

Mast cells in connective tissue, release histamine among other things

27
Q

What controls growth of normal mast cells? Why is mast cell cancer common?

A

KIT TK receptor

Mutations in this receptor common

28
Q

Which dog breeds are sensitive to vinca alkaloids?

A

Whippet
Collie
Westie

29
Q

List 2 chemotherapy drugs that act in a cell cycle specific manner

A

Vinca-alkaloids

Antimetabolites

30
Q

List 3 chemotherapy drugs that act in a non-cell cycle specific manner

A

Alkylators
Anti-tumour antibiotics
Platinating agents

31
Q

Is L’asparaginase more effective to treat lymphomas in cats or dogs?

A

Dogs

Pathology (22 decks)

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